Add C++ linter to the CI workflow

[mcserep]

While the C++ backend has a somewhat vague coding convention defined, and the expected coding style is also added to the project for CLion, the CI should also perform a linting action and indicate potential linting issues.

@intjftw previously made an initial attempt on it, using Clang Tidy (see here: master...mcserep:CodeCompass:ci-cpp-lint), which could be either used as a starting point, or restart from scratch, as not much work has been done on this issue yet.