README

Pollution & Prejudice

NOTE: this is an update to the Redline Mapping project contained here: https://github.com/daltare/Redline-Mapping

Background

The purpose of this project is to analyze present-day environmental and socioeconomic conditions in neighborhoods in California cities that were assessed by the federal Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) in the 1930s. As part of its assessment process, the HOLC produced maps that are today commonly known as “Redlining” maps, which divided up selected cities (generally those with a population greater than 40,000) into neighborhoods, and assigned each of those neighborhoods a grade that reflected its percieved credit worthiness, on a scale of A (Best) through D (Hazardous). Those assessments often included explicit references to both the racial makeup of a neighborhood’s population and the environmental conditions in and around that neighborhood as important factors in assigning each neighborhood’s grade.

Our goal is to analyze whether or not present-day pollution burdens, as well as vulnerability to the effects of pollution (due to socioeconomic conditions), tend to show any association with historical HOLC grade in neighborhoods assessed by the HOLC in the 1930s. In other words, we are exploring whether historical HOLC grade continues to be a possible predictor of present-day environmental and socioeconomic conditions. We also explore the present-day racial / ethnic makeup of those neighborhoods, to assess whether racial disparities by HOLC grade tend to persist today.

Data Sources

The primary data sources used in this analysis are:

Mapping Inequality: Redlining in New Deal America
- provides the HOLC (or “Redlining”) maps, which are available to download in various formats
- a version of the dataset processed for use in this analysis (including data for all 8 California urban areas assessed by the HOLC) is available to download at this link
CalEnviroScreen 4.0
- assesses relative pollution burden and vulnerability for each census tract in California, providing an overall score as well as scores for 21 specific indicators of pollution burden or population characteristics for each tract, available to access/download in various formats
- a version of the dataset processed for use in this analysis (with cleaned / expanded field names, missing values encoded as NA, and revised geographic representation of census tracts - to fix inconsistent boundaries between tracts - based on simplified 2010 TIGER data) is available to download at this link

Analytical Process and Results

For an overview of the analytical process and results, see the summary_report.md document.

The primary results are available in the 03-1_output_data folder, and are available in the following formats:

geopackage: HOLC_CES_scores_demographics.gpkg – available for download with this link
shapefile (zipped): HOLC_CES_scores_demographics_shp.zip – available for download with this link

These files include estimated CalEnviroScreen 4.0 scores (including overall scores and scores for each individual indicator) and estimated current population by racial / ethnic group for each neighborhood in the 1930s HOLC maps. Note that the CES scores and demographics in this dataset are estimates (based on weighted data from overlapping census tracts) that are intended to be used for relative comparisons across groups, and should be used with caution when looking at individual or small numbers of HOLC neighborhoods in isolation.

A data dictionary for these files – which briefly describes each variable – is also available in the 03-1_output_data/data_dictionary_outputs.csv file (available for download with this link).

Reproducibility

Workflow - {targets}

This project uses the targets package for workflow management. The entire workflow is defined and managed through the _targets.R file.

Run targets::tar_make() from the console to run the workflow and reproduce all results. For some more pointers on using the targets package, see the targets_notes.md file.

Targets workflow:

This figure provides a visualization of the workflow defined in the _targets.R file:

tar_source(): these files do not exist: R Warning messages: 1: package ‘targets’ was built under R version 4.3.3 2: package ‘tarchetypes’ was built under R version 4.3.2

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Package Management - {renv}

This project uses renv for package management (the renv package creates the renv.lock file, i.e. the lockfile). When opening this project as an RStudio Project for the first time, renv should automatically install itself and prompt you to run renv::restore() to install all package dependencies. In addition:

Call renv::status() to check the status and fix any issues that arise (using the commands below)
Developers can call renv::install() to add packages, renv::update() to update package versions, and renv::snapshot() after packages are added or updated (which will record the packages and their sources in the lockfile)
Collaborators can call renv::restore() (to get the specific package versions recorded in the lockfile).
The renv documentation notes that if you’re making major changes to a project that you haven’t worked on for a while, it’s often a good idea to start with an renv::update() before making any changes to the code.

For more information, see Introduction to renv.

daltare/pollution-and-prejudice