sanverb-pysan remaining differences in present tense conjugation, class =10
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This issue has grab-bag of some remaining unexplained differences in present tense conjugations between sanskritverb and pysanskrit.
Here are some cases of class 10 where pysanskrit changes the root vowel from 'a' to 'A',
but sanskritverb does not.
The reasoning for the pysanskrit lengthening is based on Kale section 391:
Kale 391: Roots of the tenth or 'curAdi' class add 'ay' before
the personal terminations. Before 'ay' (1) the penultimate
short vowel (except 'a') takes the Guna substitute; and the
final vowel and the penultimate 'a' not prosodially long, take
their Vriddhi substitute.
Kale further states, in section 14,
Short vowels when followed by a conjunct consonant
are said to be *prosodially long*
There is a further relevant list, in Kale 400, of class 10 roots which do
not change their vowel in present tense; however, none of the instances
shown below are mentioned in that list.
Here are the roots in question; I've also noted the cases of confirmation in Kale Dhatukosha,
and for some cases, that the root in question is not mentioned in the Kale Dhatukosha
In this table, DK confirms means that the long-A form is the one mentioned
for the class 10 form of the root in the Kale Dhatukosha.
kaR 10A,P # not in Kale DK. MW confirms 10P kARayati
Gaw 10A,P # DK confirms
cah 10A,P # DK does NOT confirm, but shows `cahayati-te'. MW implies cahayati
jYap 10A,P # DK confirms
naw 10A,P # DK confirms
paz 10A,P # DK does NOT confirm, but shows `pazayati-te' (MW shows both pazayati and pAzayati)
praT 10A,P # DK does NOT confirm, but shows `praTayati-te' (MW: prATayati, parTayati)
bal 10A,P # DK does NOT confirm, but shows `balayati-te' (MW: balayati, bAlatati)
yam 10A,P # DK does NOT confirm, but shows `yamayati-te'
vraR 10A,P # DK does NOT confirm, but shows `vraRayati-te'
Sam 10A # DK confirms
SraR 10A,P # DK confirms
syam 10A # DK confirms
This downloadble file has the current pysan, sanverb conjugations for these cases: temp_class10_Aa.txt
I don't know what to make of the large number of cases in which DK does not confirm the rule;
it seems to me to be an unexplained (and unexpected!) inconsistency between Kale's rule description and his Dhatukosha.
kzap 10 P,A
This is in Kale's section 400 list of class 10 roots that don't change the vowel; confirmed in Kale DK.So, pysan has
kzapayati only.
sanskritverb has kzApayati kzapayati
You need to read this rule with two other rules घटादयो मितः and मितां
ह्रस्वः.
There is a sublist घटादिः in 10th class. Roots falling in that list get 'a'
-> 'A' change in penultimate vowel as usual.
But after that change, rule मितां ह्रस्वः once again changes it from 'A' ->
'a' i.e. no change.
See attached derivation of caha!
function.php has a list of ghaTAdi verbs.
$curAdi_ghaTAdi or $ghaTAdi_curAdi or something similarly spelled.
kzap 10 P,A
This is in Kale's section 400 list of class 10 roots that don't change
the vowel; confirmed in Kale DK.So, pysan has
kzapayati only.sanskritverb has kzApayati kzapayati
This is an optional one. According to grammarian bhoja, these rules have
optional mittva. So it will take kzapayati / kzApayati forms. According to
other grammarians, it will be kzapayati.
What is 'PFA'?
cap 10P,A -- This is also in Kale's section 400 list, so by that is capayati; confirmed in Kale DK
pysan has capayati
sanverb has cApayati only.
ci 10 P,A
Kale DK shows cayayati capayati only (sense 'to gather'), and this is what is in pysan.
sanverb shows three forms: cAyayati capayati cayayati
sanverb has two class10 entries for ci:
ci:BAzArTaH ca:ci:10:0325:u:sew: cAyayati
ciY:cayane:ci:10:0124:u:sew: sanverb conjugations cayayati, capayati
So Kale DK corresponds to the 10.0124 root.
MW shows 4 causal forms cAyayati capayati cayayati (like sanverb) and also cApayati
Will change pysan to use the three forms of Sanverb.
Cad 10 P,A.
Kale DK shows CAdayati only; as does Pysan.
sanverb shows two forms: Cadayati CAdayati
[Additional notes]
sanverb has 3 class 10 entries for Cad:
Cada:apavAraRe:Cada:10:0481:u:sew: sanverb conjugate as Cadayati, etc.
Cada!:apavAraRe Cadir Urjane mit 1925:Cad:10:0359:u:sew: CAdayati, etc.
Cada!:saMvaraRe Cadir Urjane mit 1925:Cad:10:0370:u:sew: CAdayati, etc.
Pysanskrit conflates all three of these.
- Kale section 400 (class10 verbs whose vowel is unchanged) has Cad, in the sense of 'conceal'; implies 'Cadayati'
- Kale DK: to conceal, CAdayati, etc.
- MW: cl.10 to cover, CAdayati
- MW: cl.10 to seem, appear, etc. Cadayati
It's hard to conflate the MW and sanverb senses.
- pysanskrit changed to have both sanverb forms for Cad 10.*
subquestion: how to understand Cadir Urjane mit ?
- Cadir from Cadis (cover)
- Urjane loc. of Urjana, related to Urj to strengthen ?
- mit ??
jYA 10A,P.
pysan in error with jYAayati,
Sanskritverb jYApayati, agrees with Kale.
pysan corrected.
dal 10A,P
Kale DK shows dAlayati only; as does Pysan.
SanskritVerb has two forms: dAlayati dalayati.
(For the causal, MW has the two forms of sanverb.)
Changing pysan to show the two forms of sanverb.
DU 10A,P
Kale DK has DUnayati only.
SanskritVerb has DAvayati DUnayati.
(MW causal shows the two forms of sanverb).
pysan changed to show the same two forms as sanverb.
paMS 10A,P
There are three similar class 10 roots in sanverb:
paSi!:nASane ityeke:paMS:10:0108:u:sew:प॑शिँ॑:::::
pasi!:nASane:paMs:10:0107:u:sew:प॑सिँ॑:1199:1215:1255:paMs1_pasiz_curAxiH+nASane:
paSa!:banDane:paS:10:0244:u:sew:प॑शँ॑:1291:1310:1343,1419:paS1_paSaz_curAxiH+banXane:
pysan and sanverb present tense conjugations agree in the second two ,
paMs (paMsayati, etc.) and paS (pASayati, etc.)
For paMS, pysan has paMSayati, while sanverb has pASayati.
I suspect that sanverb needs to be changed.
Other notes:
- Kale DK does not have paMS. It does have paMs and paS and agrees with pysan,sanverb
- MW has paMS and shows the pysan form, paMSayati.
piC 10 A,P
pysan has peCayati, etc.
sanverb has picCayati, etc.
piC is not in Kale.
In MW, piC is found and agrees with sanverb.
Changing pysan to agree with sanverb.
prI 10 A,P
sanverb has prIRayati, prAyayati.
Kale DK has only prIRayati.
MW has (as causal), prIRayati, prAyayati, AND prApayati.
pysan changed to agree with sanverb.
mraC 10A,P
pysan has mrACayati, etc., in conformance with the general KALE rules.
sanverb has 'mracCayati`.
I can't find mraC in Kale DK, nor in MW.
Thus, conclude this is a rarely used root, and am changing pysan to agree with sanverb.
viC 10 A,P
pysan has veCayati, etc. Similar reasoning as for piC above.
sanverb has vicCayati, etc.
Kale DK has root spelled as vicC, and the form agrees with sanverb.
Changing pysan to agree with sanverb.
NOTE: It appears that there may be an additional caveat to the rules of stem formation for class 10 roots. Namely, if the root is spelled ending in 'C', then, before applying the rules, that 'C' is changed
to 'cC', and only then are the strengthening rules examined. Since 'cC' is a conjunct consonant, the vowel is not considered to be a 'penultimate short vowel', and so does not take the guna substitute.
In the cases of piC and viC, this means that the vowel 'i' remains 'i' (rather than changes to 'e').
vyay 10 A,P
pysan has vyayatati, etc.
sanverb has vyayyati and also vyAyayati.
changing pysan to agree with sanverb.
Here is background.
There are two class 10 roots in sanverb:
vyaya:vittasamutsarge:vyaya:10:0478:u:sew:व्य॑य॑:1433::1489:vyaya1_vyaya_curAxiH+viwwasamuwsarge:
vyaya!:kzepe catyeke:vyay:10:0137:u:sew:व्य॑यँ॑::1230:::
Kale, in the list of roots with unchanged vowels, has 'vyay' in the sense of spend, give;
and in Kale DK, vyay 10U vittasamutsarge to expend, bestow, and vyayayati.
Thus, Kale is talking about only 10.0478, which is the one that sanverb conjugates as vyayayati.
Sanverb conjugates the other one, 10.0137 as vyAyayati.
In mapping sanverb rootswithoutanubandha to MW roots, the 'vyaya' of 10.0478 is mapped to
'vyay'.
In MW, there are both forms. The vyAyayati form has sense 'to throw', agreeing with sanverb.
So Kale is only talking about one of the roots, 10.0137, in both the section 400 list, and in the DK.
As mentioned, pysan is being changed so both forms appear for 'vyay 10AP'.
SvaW 10A,P
This situation is similar to that for vyay above.
There are two sanverb roots:
SvaWa:samyagavaBAzaRe:SvaWa:10:0393:u:sew:श्व॑ठ॑:1369::1423:SvaT2_SvaTa_curAxiH+samyag_avaBARaNe:
SvaWa!:asaMskAragatyoH:SvaW:10:0042:u:sew:श्व॑ठँ॑:1158:1173:1212:SvaT1_SvaTaz_curAxiH+asaMskAragawyoH:
and pysanskrit conflates these, spelling both of them as SvaW.
For this case, Kale DK actually has both roots, with the declined forms agreeing, individually, with those
of Sanskritverb.
Pysanskrit modified to have both forms.
smi 10A
Kale has no class 10 root smi. However, he has two causal forms
- smAyayati, and - te
- smApayate (Atmanepada only, for some unknown reason)
And these forms agree with the class10 forms in sanskritverb for smi.
Currently, pysan has only the smAyayati, smAyayate forms.
Changing pysan to also use the smApayate form in 10A.
This is the only case I can think of where the class 10 base depends also on the pada (A or P).
kfp 10A,P
pysan shows 'kfpayati', etc
kfp (pity, be weak) is in Kale's section 400 list of class 10roots which don't change the vowel.
sanverb shows 'kalpayati, kfpayati`, etc
Sanverb has two class 10 entries:
kfpa:dOrbalye:kfpa:10:0408:u:sew: sanverb conjugates as kfpayati, etc.
kfpa!:avakalkane miSrIkaraRa ityeke cintana ityanye:kfp:10:0278:u:sew: kalpayati, etc.
MW has a denominative kfpaya कृपय [p= 305] :
Nom. P. p. °यत्, only gen. sg. (m.) °यतस् » s.v. √2. कृप्.
The class 10 part of the 2 homonym of kfp in mw shows:
cl.10 P. कृपयति (impf. अकृपयत् ; p. कृपयत् gen. sg. m. कृपयतस् RV. viii, 46, 16),
to mourn, grieve, lament (with acc.) RV. ;
to pity BhP. viii, 7, 40 ;
to be weak Dhātup. xxxv, 17 (cf. कृपाय and √क्रप्.)
The denominative kfpAya shows:
कृपाय [p= 305] :
Nom. A1. °यते (Pot. °यीत), to mourn, grieve, lament Nir. ii, 12 ;
to have pity MBh. : P. °यति, to praise (cf. कृपण्यु) Naigh. iii, 14.
None of these MW entries seems related, by sense, to avakalkane
As best I can tell, the class 10 roots with as yet unexplained differences in the sanskritverb and pysanskrit present tense conjugations are:
(These have individual comments above)
kfp 10A,P
--- kzap 10A,P --- See note below
cap 10A,P
paMS 10A,P
and the 13 starting with kaR listed together above.
@drdhaval2785 Suggest you check sanskritverb for these 17. then I'll decide how to handle them
in pysanskrit.
Incidentally, there are only about 40 other (non-class10) cases remaining where there are differences
between pysanskrit and sanverb in the present tense; I'll start examining these others tomorrow.
Note on kzap.
Dhaval has already commented on kzap, namely that the difference is based on the views of
different grammarians. I am placing this in a category of 'known differences' at the moment.
Dhaval does not need to review further.
NOTE: It appears that there may be an additional caveat to the rules of
stem formation for class 10 roots. Namely, if the root is spelled ending in
'C', then, before applying the rules, that 'C' is changed to 'cC', and only
then are the strengthening rules examined. Since 'cC' is a conjunct
consonant, the vowel is not considered to be a 'penultimate short vowel',
and so does not take the guna substitute.
In the cases of piC and viC, this means that the vowel 'i' remains 'i'
(rather than changes to 'e').
Rule is छे . After a ह्रस्व vowel, there is a 't' added before 'C'. 't' is
changed to 'c' by स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः.
http://www.sanskritworld.in/sanskrittool/SanskritVerb/Data/allsutrani/6.1.71.htm