Dotdeb nginx is compiled against OpenSSL 1.0.1t, which does not support ALPN, which is required by Chrome v.51+ to upgrade to HTTP/2
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Chrome removed support for NPN (as part of removing legacy support for SPDY) starting in version 51:
https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2016/04/chrome-51-deprecations
OpenSSL did not implement ALPN until version 1.0.2:
https://www.openssl.org/news/openssl-1.0.2-notes.html
The version of Nginx packaged by Dotdeb was compiled against OpenSSL v1.0.1t:
$ nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.10.2
built with OpenSSL 1.0.1t 3 May 2016
[...snip...]
Versions of Chrome > 51 will not upgrade the connection to HTTP/2 without ALPN support.
I checked an identical Nginx configuration in Ubuntu 16.04, which is (currently) Nginx version 1.10.0 and compiled against OpenSSL 1.0.2g, and confirmed that Chrome does upgrade connections to HTTP/2, running the same configuration.