ZoneTree

ZoneTree is a persistent, high-performance, transactional, and ACID-compliant ordered key-value database for .NET. It can operate in memory or on local/cloud storage.

ZoneTree is a lightweight, transactional and high-performance LSM Tree for .NET.

It is several times faster than Facebook's RocksDB and hundreds of times faster than SQLite. It is faster than any other alternative that I have tested so far. 100 Million integer key-value pair inserts in 20 seconds. You may get longer durations based on the durability level. For example, with async-compressed WAL mode, you can insert 100M integer key-value pairs in 28 seconds. Background merge operation that might take a bit longer is excluded from the insert duration because your inserted data is immediately queryable. Loading 100M integer key-value pair database is in 812 ms. The iteration on 100M key-value pairs takes 24 seconds. There are so many tuning options wait you to discover.

INTRODUCTION

QUICK START GUIDE

API DOCS

TUNING ZONETREE

FEATURES

TERMINOLOGY

PERFORMANCE

Why ZoneTree?

It is pure C#.
It is fast. See benchmark below.
Your data is protected against crashes / power cuts (optional).
Supports transactional and non-transactional access with blazing speeds and ACID guarantees.
You can embed your database into your assembly. Therefore, you don't have to pay the cost of maintaining/shipping another database product along with yours.
You can create scalable and non-scalable databases using ZoneTree as core database engine.

How fast is it?

It is possible with ZoneTree to insert 100 Million integer key-value pairs in 20 seconds using WAL mode = NONE.

Benchmark for all modes: benchmark

Insert Benchmarks	1M	2M	3M	10M
int-int ZoneTree async-compressed WAL	267 ms	464 ms	716 ms	2693 ms
int-int ZoneTree sync-compressed WAL	834 ms	1617 ms	2546 ms	8642 ms
int-int ZoneTree sync WAL	2742 ms	5533 ms	8242 ms	27497 ms

str-str ZoneTree async-compressed WAL	892 ms	1833 ms	2711 ms	9443 ms
str-str ZoneTree sync-compressed WAL	1752 ms	3397 ms	5070 ms	19153 ms
str-str ZoneTree sync WAL	3488 ms	7002 ms	10483 ms	38727 ms

RocksDb sync WAL (10K => 11 sec)	~1.100.000 ms	N/A	N/A	N/A
int-int RocksDb sync-compressed WAL	8059 ms	16188 ms	23599 ms	61947 ms
str-str RocksDb sync-compressed WAL	8215 ms	16146 ms	23760 ms	72491 ms

Benchmark Configuration:

DiskCompressionBlockSize = 1024 * 1024 * 10;
WALCompressionBlockSize = 1024 * 32 * 8;
DiskSegmentMode = DiskSegmentMode.SingleDiskSegment;
MutableSegmentMaxItemCount = 1_000_000;
ThresholdForMergeOperationStart = 2_000_000;

Additional Notes: According to our tests, ZoneTree is stable and fast even with big data. Tested up to 1 billion records in desktop computers till now.

ZoneTree offers 4 WAL modes to let you make a flexible tradeoff.

The sync mode provides maximum durability but slower write speed. In case of a crash/power cut, the sync mode ensures that the inserted data is not lost.
The sync-compressed mode provides faster write speed but less durability. Compression requires chunks to be filled before appending them into the WAL file. It is possible to enable a periodic job to persist decompressed tail records into a separate location in a specified interval. See IWriteAheadLogProvider options for more details.
The async-compressed mode provides faster write speed but less durability. Log entries are queued to be written in a separate thread. async-compressed mode uses compression in WAL files and provides immediate tail record persistence.
None WAL mode disables WAL completely to get maximum performance. Data still can be saved to disk by tree maintainer automatically or manually.

Environment:

BenchmarkDotNet=v0.13.1, OS=Windows 10.0.22000
Intel Core i7-6850K CPU 3.60GHz (Skylake), 1 CPU, 12 logical and 6 physical cores
64 GB DDR4 Memory
SSD: Samsung SSD 850 EVO 1TB
Config: 1M mutable segment size, 2M readonly segments merge-threshold

How to use ZoneTree?

The following sample shows the most basic setup of a ZoneTree database.

using var zoneTree = new ZoneTreeFactory<int, string>()
   .OpenOrCreate();
zoneTree.Upsert(39, "Hello Zone Tree");

The following sample demonstrates creating a database.

  var dataPath = "data/mydatabase";
  using var zoneTree = new ZoneTreeFactory<int, string>()
    .SetComparer(new Int32ComparerAscending())
    .SetDataDirectory(dataPath)
    .SetKeySerializer(new Int32Serializer())
    .SetValueSerializer(new Utf8StringSerializer())
    .OpenOrCreate();
    
    // atomic (thread-safe) on single mutable-segment.
    zoneTree.Upsert(39, "Hello Zone Tree!");
    
    // atomic across all segments
    zoneTree.TryAtomicAddOrUpdate(39, "a", 
        bool (ref string x) => 
        {
            x += "b";
            return true;
        });

How to maintain LSM Tree?

Big LSM Trees require maintenance tasks. ZoneTree provides the IZoneTreeMaintenance interface to give you full power on maintenance tasks. It also comes with a default maintainer to let you focus on your business logic without wasting time with LSM details. You can start using the default maintainer like in the following sample code. Note: For small data you don't need a maintainer.

  var dataPath = "data/mydatabase";

  // 1. Create your ZoneTree
  using var zoneTree = new ZoneTreeFactory<int, string>()
    .SetComparer(new Int32ComparerAscending())
    .SetDataDirectory(dataPath)
    .SetKeySerializer(new Int32Serializer())
    .SetValueSerializer(new Utf8StringSerializer())
    .OpenOrCreate();
 
  using var maintainer = zoneTree.CreateMaintainer();

  // 2. Read/Write data
  zoneTree.Upsert(39, "Hello ZoneTree!");

  // 3. Complete maintainer running tasks.
  maintainer.CompleteRunningTasks();

How to delete keys?

In LSM trees, the deletions are handled by upserting key/value with deleted flag. Later on, during the compaction stage, the actual deletion happens. ZoneTree does not implement this flag format by default. It lets the user to define the suitable deletion flag themselves. For example, the deletion flag might be defined by user as -1 for int values. If user wants to use any int value as a valid record, then the value-type should be changed. For example, one can define the following struct and use this type as a value-type.

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
struct MyDeletableValueType {
   int Number; 
   bool IsDeleted; 
}

You can micro-manage the tree size with ZoneTree. The following sample shows how to configure the deletion markers for your database.

using var zoneTree = new ZoneTreeFactory<int, int>()
  // Additional stuff goes here
  .SetIsValueDeletedDelegate((in int x) => x == -1)
  .SetMarkValueDeletedDelegate((ref int x) => x = -1)
  .OpenOrCreate();

using var zoneTree = new ZoneTreeFactory<int, MyDeletableValueType>()
  // Additional stuff goes here
  .SetIsValueDeletedDelegate((in MyDeletableValueType x) => x.IsDeleted)
  .SetMarkValueDeletedDelegate((ref MyDeletableValueType x) => x.IsDeleted = true)
  .OpenOrCreate();

If you forget to provide the deletion marker delegates, you can never delete the record from your database.

How to iterate over data?

Iteration is possible in both directions, forward and backward. Unlike other LSM tree implementations, iteration performance is equal in both directions. The following sample shows how to do the iteration.

 using var zoneTree = new ZoneTreeFactory<int, int>()
    // Additional stuff goes here
    .OpenOrCreate();
 using var iterator = zoneTree.CreateIterator();
 while(iterator.Next()) {
    var key = iterator.CurrentKey;
    var value = iterator.CurrentValue;
 } 
 
 using var reverseIterator = zoneTree.CreateReverseIterator();
 while(reverseIterator.Next()) {
    var key = reverseIterator.CurrentKey;
    var value = reverseIterator.CurrentValue;
 }

How to iterate starting with a key (Seekable Iterator)?

ZoneTreeIterator provides Seek() method to jump into any record with in O(log(n)) complexity. That is useful for doing prefix search with forward-iterator or with backward-iterator.

 using var zoneTree = new ZoneTreeFactory<string, int>()
    // Additional stuff goes here
    .OpenOrCreate();
 using var iterator = zoneTree.CreateIterator();
 // iterator jumps into the first record starting with "SomePrefix" in O(log(n)) complexity. 
 iterator.Seek("SomePrefix");
 
 //iterator.Next() complexity is O(1)
 while(iterator.Next()) {
    var key = iterator.CurrentKey;
    var value = iterator.CurrentValue;
 }

Transaction Support

ZoneTree supports Optimistic Transactions. It is proud to announce that the ZoneTree is ACID-compliant. Of course, you can use non-transactional API for the scenarios where eventual consistency is sufficient.

ZoneTree supports 3 way of doing transactions.

Fluent Transactions with ready to use retry capability.
Classical Transaction API.
Exceptionless Transaction API.

The following sample shows how to do the transactions with ZoneTree Fluent Transaction API.

using var zoneTree = new ZoneTreeFactory<int, int>()
    // Additional stuff goes here
    .OpenOrCreateTransactional();
using var transaction =
    zoneTree
        .BeginFluentTransaction()
        .Do((tx) => zoneTree.UpsertNoThrow(tx, 3, 9))
        .Do((tx) =>
        {
            if (zoneTree.TryGetNoThrow(tx, 3, out var value).IsAborted)
                return TransactionResult.Aborted();
            if (zoneTree.UpsertNoThrow(tx, 3, 21).IsAborted)
                return TransactionResult.Aborted();
            return TransactionResult.Success();
        })
        .SetRetryCountForPendingTransactions(100)
        .SetRetryCountForAbortedTransactions(10);
    await transaction.CommitAsync();

The following sample shows traditional way of doing transactions with ZoneTree.

 using var zoneTree = new ZoneTreeFactory<int, int>()
    // Additional stuff goes here
    .OpenOrCreateTransactional();
 try 
 {
     var txId = zoneTree.BeginTransaction();
     zoneTree.TryGet(txId, 3, out var value);
     zoneTree.Upsert(txId, 3, 9);
     var result = zoneTree.Prepare(txId);
     while (result.IsPendingTransactions) {
         Thread.Sleep(100);
         result = zoneTree.Prepare(txId);
     }
     zoneTree.Commit(txId);
  }
  catch(TransactionAbortedException e)
  {
      //retry or cancel
  }

Features

ZoneTree Features
Works with .NET primitives, structs and classes.
High Speed and Low Memory consumption.
Crash Resilience
Optimum disk space utilization.
WAL and DiskSegment data compression.
Very fast load/unload.
Standard read/upsert/delete functions.
Optimistic Transaction Support
Atomic Read Modify Update
Can work in memory.
Can work with any disk device including cloud devices.
Supports optimistic transactions.
Supports Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.
Supports Read Committed Isolation.
4 different modes for write ahead log.
Audit support with incremental transaction log backup.
Live backup.
Configurable amount of data that can stay in memory.
Partially (with sparse arrays) or completely load/unload data on disk to/from memory.
Forward/Backward iteration.
Allow optional dirty reads.
Embeddable.
Optimized for SSDs.
Exceptionless Transaction API.
Fluent Transaction API with ready to use retry capabilities.
Easy Maintenance.
Configurable LSM merger.
Transparent and simple implementation that reveals your database's internals.
Fully open-source with unrestrictive MIT license.
Transaction Log compaction.
Analyze / control transactions.
Concurrency Control with minimum overhead by novel separation of Concurrency Stamps and Data.
TTL support.
Use your custom serializer for keys and values.
Use your custom comparer.
MultipleDiskSegments Mode to enable dividing data files into configurable sized chunks.
Snapshot iterators.

I want to contribute. What can I do?

I appreciate any contribution to the project. These are the things I do think we need at the moment:

Write tests / benchmarks.
Write documentation.
Feature requests & bug fixes.
Performance improvements.

Contributing

This project welcomes contributions and suggestions. Please follow CONTRIBUTING.md instructions.

harrison314/ZoneTree