In a 2016 TED interview (14:10) Linus Torvalds speaks about what he considers good taste in coding. As an example, he presents two implementations of item removal in singly linked lists (reproduced below). In order to remove the first item from a list, one of the implementations requires a special case, the other one does not. Linus, obviously, prefers the latter.
His comment is:
[...] I don't want you to understand why it doesn't have the if statement. But I want you to understand that sometimes you can see a problem in a different way and rewrite it so that a special case goes away and becomes the normal case, and that's good code. [...] -- L. Torvalds
The code snippets he presents are C-style pseudocode and are simple enough to follow. However, as Linus mentions in the comment, the snippets lack a conceptual explanation and it is not immediately evident how the more elegant solution actually works.
The next two sections look at the technical approach in detail and demonstrate how and why the indirect addressing approach is so neat. The last section extends the solution from item deletion to insertion.
The basic data structure for a singly linked list of integers is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Singly linked list of integers.
Numbers are arbitrarily chosen integer values and arrows indicate pointers.
head is a pointer of type IntListItem* and each of the boxes
is an instance of an IntListItem struct, each with a member variable (called
next in the code) of type IntListItem* that points to the next item.
The C implementation of the data structure is:
struct IntListItem {
int value;
struct IntListItem* next;
};
typedef struct IntListItem IntListItem;
struct IntList {
IntListItem* head;
};
typedef struct IntList IntList;We also include a (minimal) API:
/* The textbook version */
void remove_cs101(IntList* l, IntListItem* target);
/* A more elegant solution */
void remove_elegant(IntList* l, IntListItem* target);With that in place, let's have a look at the implementations of
remove_cs101() and remove_elegant(). The code of these examples is true
to the pseudocode from Linus' example and also compiles and runs.
Figure 2: The conceptual model for the list data structure in the CS101 algorithm.
void remove_cs101(IntList *l, IntListItem *target)
{
IntListItem *cur = l->head, *prev = NULL;
while (cur != target) {
prev = cur;
cur = cur->next;
}
if (prev) {
prev->next = cur->next;
} else {
l->head = cur->next;
}
}The standard CS101 approach makes use of two traversal pointers cur and
prev, marking the current and previous traversal position in the list,
respectively. cur starts at the list head head, and advances until the
target is found. prev starts at NULL and is subsequently updated with the
previous value of cur every time cur advances. After the target is found,
the algorithm tests if prev is non-NULL. If yes, the item is not at the
beginning of the list and the removal consists of re-routing the linked list
around cur. If prev is NULL, cur is pointing to the first element in
the list, in which case, removal means moving the list head forward.
The more elegant version has less code and does not require a separate branch to deal with deletion of the first element in a list.
void remove_elegant(IntList *l, IntListItem *target)
{
IntListItem **p = &l->head;
while ((*p) != target) {
p = &(*p)->next;
}
*p = target->next;
}The code uses an indirect pointer p that holds the address of a pointer to a
list item, starting with the address of head. In every iteration, that
pointer is advanced to hold the address of the pointer to the next list item,
i.e. the address of the next element in the current IntListItem.
When the pointer to the list item (*p) equals target, we exit the search
loop and remove the item from the list.
The key insight is that using an indirect pointer p has two conceptual
benefits:
- It allows us to interpret the linked list in a way that makes the
headpointer an integral part the data structure. This eliminates the need for a special case to remove the first item. - It also allows us to evaluate the condition of the
whileloop without having to let go of the pointer that points totarget. This allows us to modify the pointer that points totargetand to get away with a single iterator as opposed toprevandcur.
Let's look each of these points in turn.
The standard model interprets the linked list as a sequence of IntListItem
instances. The beginning of the sequence can be accessed through a head
pointer. This leads to the conceptual model illustrated in Figure 2 above. The head pointer is
merely considered as a handle to access the start of the list. prev and cur
are pointers of type IntListItem* and always point to an item or NULL.
The elegant implementation uses indirect addressing scheme that yields a different view on the data structure:
Figure 3: The conceptual model for the list data structure in the more
elegant approach.
Here, p is of type IntListItem** and holds the address of the pointer to
the current list item. When we advance the pointer, we forward to the address
of the pointer to the next list item.
In code, this translates to p = &(*p)->next, meaning we
(*p): dereference the address to the pointer to the current list item->next: dereference that pointer again and select the field that holds the address of the next list item&: take the address of that address field (i.e. get a pointer to it)
This corresponds to an interpretation of the data structure where the list is a
a sequence of pointers to IntListItems (cf. Figure 3).
An additional benefit of that particular interpretation is that it supports
editing the next pointer of the predecessor of the current item throughout the
entire traversal.
With p holding the address of a pointer to a list item, the comparison in the
search loop becomes
while ((*p) != target) {
...
}The search loop will exit if (*p) equals target, and once it does, we are
still able to modify (*p) since we hold its address p. Thus, despite
iterating the loop until we hit target, we still maintain a handle (the
address of the next field or the head pointer) that can be used to directly
modify the pointer that points to the item.
This is the reason why we can modify the incoming pointer to an item to point
to a different location using *p = target->next and why we do not need prev
and cur pointers to traverse the list for item removal.
It turns out that the idea behind remove_elegant() can be applied to yield a
particularly concise implementation of another function in the list API:
insert_before(), i.e. inserting a given item before another one.
First, let's add the following declaration to the list API in list.h:
void insert_before(IntList *l, IntListItem *before, IntListItem *item);The function will take a pointer to a list l, a pointer before to an
item in that list and a pointer to a new list item item that the function
will insert before before.
Before we move on, we refactor the search loop into a separate function
static inline IntListItem **find_indirect(IntList *l, IntListItem *target)
{
IntListItem **p = &l->head;
while ((*p) && (*p) != target) {
p = &(*p)->next;
}
return p;
}and use that function in remove_elegant() like so
void remove_elegant(IntList *l, IntListItem *target)
{
IntListItem **p = find_indirect(l, target);
*p = target->next;
}Using find_indirect(), it is straightforward to implement insert_before():
void insert_before(IntList *l, IntListItem *before, IntListItem *item)
{
IntListItem **p = find_indirect(l, before);
*p = item;
item->next = before;
}A particularly beautiful outcome is that the implementation has consistent
semantics for the edge cases: if before points to the list head, the new item
will be inserted at the beginning of the list, if before is NULL or invalid
(i.e. the item does not exist in l), the new item will be appended at the
end.
The premise of the more elegant solution for item deletion is a single, simple
change: using an indirect IntListItem** pointer to iterate over the pointers
to the list items. Everything else flows from there: there is no need for a
special case or branching and a single iterator is sufficient to find and
remove the target item.
It also turns out that the same approach provides an elegant solution for item
insertion in general and for insertion before an existing item in particular.
So, going back to Linus' initial comment: is it good taste? Hard to say, but it's certainly a different, creative and very elegant solution to a well-known CS task.