purescript-argonaut-core

Core part of purescript-argonaut that contains basic types for Json, folds over them, tests, printer and parser.

Installation

bower install purescript-argonaut-core

Documentation

Module documentation is published on Pursuit.

Tutorial

Some of Argonaut's functions might seem a bit arcane at first, so it can help to understand the underlying design decisions which make it the way it is.

One approach for modelling JSON values would be to define an algebraic data type, like this:

data Json
  = JNull
  | JString String
  | JNumber Number
  | JBoolean Boolean
  | JArray (Array Json)
  | JObject (StrMap Json)

And indeed, some might even say this is the obvious approach.

Because Argonaut is written with the compilation target of JavaScript in mind, it takes a slightly different approach, which is to reuse the existing data types which JavaScript already provides. This way, the result of JavaScript's JSON.parse function is already a Json value, and no extra processing is needed before you can start operating on it. This ought to help your program both in terms of speed and memory churn.

Much of the design of Argonaut follows naturally from this design decision.

Types

The most important type in this library is, of course, Json, which is the type of JSON data in its native JavaScript representation.

As the (hypothetical) algebraic data type declaration above indicates, there are six possibilities for a JSON value: it can be null, a string, a number, a boolean, an array of JSON values, or an object mapping string keys to JSON values.

For convenience, and to ensure that values have the appropriate underlying data representations, Argonaut also declares types for each of these individual possibilities, whose names correspond to the data constructor names above.

Therefore, JString, JNumber, and JBoolean are synonyms for the primitive PureScript types String, Number, and Boolean respectively; JArray is a synonym for Array Json; and JObject is a synonym for StrMap Json. Argonaut defines a type JNull as the type of the null value in JavaScript.

Introducing Json values

(Or, where do Json values come from?)

If your program is receiving JSON data as a string, you probably want the jsonParser function in Data.Argonaut.Parser, which is a very simple wrapper around JavaScript's JSON.parse.

Otherwise, Json values can be introduced into your program via the FFI or via the construction functions in Data.Argonaut.Core. Here are some examples:

// In an FFI module.
exports.someNumber = 23.6;
exports.someBoolean = false;
exports.someObject = {people: [{name: "john"}, {name: "jane"}], common_interests: []};

foreign import someNumber :: Json
foreign import someBoolean :: Json
foreign import someObject :: Json

Generally, if a JavaScript value could be returned from a call to JSON.parse, it's fine to import it from the FFI as Json. So, for example, objects, booleans, numbers, strings, and arrays are all fine, but functions are not.

The construction functions (that is, fromX, or jsonX) can be used as follows:

import Data.Tuple (Tuple(..))
import Data.StrMap as StrMap
import Data.Argonaut.Core as A

someNumber = A.fromNumber 23.6
someBoolean = A.fromBoolean false
someObject = A.fromObject (StrMap.fromFoldable [
                Tuple "people" (A.fromArray [
                  A.jsonSingletonObject "name" (A.fromString "john"),
                  A.jsonSingletonObject "name" (A.fromString "jane")
                ]),
                Tuple "common_interests" A.jsonEmptyArray
              ])

Eliminating/matching on `Json` values

We can perform case analysis for Json values using the foldJson function. This function is necessary because Json is not an algebraic data type. If Json were an algebraic data type, we would not have as much need for this function, because we could perform pattern matching with a case ... of expression instead.

The type of foldJson is:

foldJson :: forall a.
            (JNull -> a) -> (JBoolean -> a) -> (JNumber -> a) ->
            (JString -> a) -> (JArray -> a) -> (JObject -> a) ->
            Json -> a

That is, foldJson takes six functions, which all must return values of some particular type a, together with one Json value. foldJson itself also returns a value of the same type a.

A use of foldJson is very similar to a case ... of expression, as it allows you to handle each of the six possibilities for the Json value you passed in. Thinking of it this way, each of the six function arguments is like one of the case alternatives. Just like in a case ... of expression, the final value that the whole expression evaluates to comes from evaluating exactly one of the 'alternatives' (functions) that you pass in. In fact, you can tell that this is the case just by looking at the type signature of foldJson, because of a property called parametricity (although a deeper explanation of parametricity is outside the scope of this tutorial).

For example, imagine we had the following values defined in JavaScript and imported via the FFI:

exports.anotherNumber = 0.0;
exports.anotherArray = [0.0, {foo: 'bar'}, false];
exports.anotherObject = {foo: 1, bar: [2,2]};

Then we can match on them in PureScript using foldJson:

foreign import anotherNumber :: Json
foreign import anotherArray :: Json
foreign import anotherObject :: Json

basicInfo :: Json -> String
basicInfo = foldJson
  (const "It was null")
  (\b -> "Got a boolean: " <>
            if b then "it was true!" else "It was false.")
  (\x -> "Got a number: " <> show x)
  (\s -> "Got a string, which was " <> Data.String.length s <>
           " characters long.")
  (\xs -> "Got an array, which had " <> Data.Array.length xs <>
           " items.")
  (\obj -> "Got an object, which had " <> Data.StrMap.size obj <>
           " items.")

basicInfo anotherNumber -- => "Got a number: 0.0"
basicInfo anotherArray  -- => "Got an array, which had 3 items."
basicInfo anotherObject -- => "Got an object, which had 2 items."

foldJson is the fundamental function for pattern matching on Json values; any kind of pattern matching you might want to do can be done with foldJson.

However, foldJson is not always comfortable to use, so Argonaut provides a few other simpler versions for convenience. For example, the foldJsonX functions can be used to match on a specific type. The first argument acts as a default value, to be used if the Json value turned out not to be that type. For example, we can write a function which tests whether a JSON value is the string "lol" like this:

foldJsonString :: forall a. a -> (JString -> a) -> Json -> a

isJsonLol = foldJsonString false (_ == "lol")

If the Json value is not a string, the default false is used. Otherwise, we test whether the string is equal to "lol".

The toX functions also occupy a similar role: they attempt to convert Json values into a specific type. If the json value you provide is of the right type, you'll get a Just value. Otherwise, you'll get Nothing. For example, we could have written isJsonLol like this, too:

toString :: Json -> Maybe JString

isJsonLol json =
  case toString json of
    Just str -> str == "lol"
    Nothing  -> false

schani/purescript-argonaut-core