TimescaleDB is an open-source database designed to make SQL scalable for time-series data. For more information, see the Timescale website.
This image is based on the official Postgres docker image so the documentation for that image also applies here, including the environment variables one can set, extensibility, etc.
$ docker run -d --name some-timescaledb -p 5432:5432 timescale/timescaledb
Then connect with an app or the psql client:
$ docker run -it --rm --link some-timescaledb:timescaledb timescale/timescaledb psql -h timescaledb -U postgres
You can also connect your app via port 5432 on the host machine.