You can use a rooted phone or a rooted android virtual machine,and use root explore app(like mt管理器 root explore ) to export database file from this path "/data/data/com.azure.authenticator/databases/PhoneFactor".
I add the generate image part to the python script form the reference article.
This is the full script:
pip install qrcode[pil]
import sqlite3
import uuid
import json
import qrcode
# connect to sqlite3 database
conn = sqlite3.connect('PhoneFactor')
cursor = conn.cursor()
# execute SQL query,only select account_type=0,because outlook account not supported
cursor.execute("SELECT name, username, oath_secret_key FROM accounts WHERE account_type = 0")
result = []
# put result to object array
for row in cursor.fetchall():
name, username, secret_key = row
uuid_str = str(uuid.uuid4())
otpauthstr = f"otpauth://totp/{name}:{username}?secret={secret_key}"
result.append({
"uuid": uuid_str,
"otpauthstr": otpauthstr
})
# close database connection
conn.close()
# generate qrcode images
output_json = json.dumps(result, indent=4)
for i in result:
print(i)
img = qrcode.make(i['otpauthstr'])
img.save(f"{i['uuid']}.png")