Face Alignment in Full Pose Range: A 3D Total Solution

[Updates]

2018.12.2: Support landmark-free face cropping, see dlib_landmark option.
2018.12.1: Refine code and add pose estimation feature, see utils/estimate_pose.py for more details.
2018.11.17: Refine code and map the 3d vertex to original image space.
2018.11.11: Update end-to-end inference pipeline: infer/serialize 3D face shape and 68 landmarks given one arbitrary image, please see readme.md below for more details.
2018.11.9: Update trained model with higher performance in models.
2018.10.4: Add Matlab face mesh rendering demo in visualize.
2018.9.9: Add pre-process of face cropping in benchmark.

[Todo]

Introduction

This repo holds the pytorch improved re-implementation of paper Face Alignment in Full Pose Range: A 3D Total Solution. Several additional works are added in this repo, including real-time training, training strategy and so on. Therefore, this repo is far more than re-implementation. One related blog will be published for some important technique details in future. As far, this repo releases the pre-trained first-stage pytorch models of MobileNet-V1 structure, the training dataset and code. And the inference time is about 0.27ms per image (input batch with 128 images) on GeForce GTX TITAN X.

These repo will keep being updated, thus any meaningful issues and PR are welcomed.

Several results on ALFW-2000 dataset (inferenced from model phase1_wpdc_vdc.pth.tar) are shown below.

Applications

1. Face Alignment

2. Face Reconstruction

3. 3D Pose Estimation

Getting started

Requirements

PyTorch >= 0.4.1
Python >= 3.6 (Numpy, Scipy, Matplotlib)
Dlib (Dlib is used for detecting face and landmarks. There is no need to use Dlib if you can provide face bouding bbox and landmarks. Optionally, you can use the two-step inference strategy without initialized landmarks.)
OpenCV (Python version, for image IO opertations.)
Platform: Linux or macOS (Windows is not tested)

# installation structions
sudo pip3 install torch torchvision # for cpu version. more option to see https://pytorch.org
sudo pip3 install numpy scipy matplotlib
sudo pip3 install dlib==19.5.0 # 19.15+ version may cause conflict with pytorch, this may take several minutes
sudo pip3 install opencv-python

In addition, I strongly recommend using Python3.6+ instead of older version for its better design.

Usage

Clone this repo (this may take some time as it is a little big)
```
git clone https://github.com/cleardusk/3DDFA.git  # or git@github.com:cleardusk/3DDFA.git
cd 3DDFA
```
Then, download dlib landmark model in Google Drive or Baidu Yun, and put it into models directory. (To reduce this repo's size, I remove some large size binary files including this model, so you should download it : ) )
Run the main.py with arbitrary image as input
```
python3 main.py -f samples/test1.jpg
```
If you can see these output log in terminal, you run it successfully.
```
Dump tp samples/test1_0.ply
Save 68 3d landmarks to samples/test1_0.txt
Dump tp samples/test1_1.ply
Save 68 3d landmarks to samples/test1_1.txt
Dump to samples/test1_pose.jpg
Save visualization result to samples/test1_3DDFA.jpg
```
Because test1.jpg has two faces, there are two mat (stores dense face vertices, can be rendered by Matlab, see visualize) and ply files (can be rendered by Meshlab or Microsoft 3D Builder) predicted.

Please run python3 main.py -h or review the code for more details.

The 68 landmarks visualization result samples/test1_3DDFA.jpg and pose estimation result samples/test1_pose.jpg are shown below

Additional example

python3 ./main.py -f samples/emma_input.jpg --bbox_init=two --dlib_bbox=false

Citation

@article{zhu2017face,
  title={Face Alignment in Full Pose Range: A 3D Total Solution},
  author={Zhu, Xiangyu and Lei, Zhen and Li, Stan Z and others},
  journal={IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
  year={2017},
  publisher={IEEE}
}

@misc{3ddfa_cleardusk,
  author =       {Jianzhu Guo, Xiangyu Zhu and Zhen Lei},
  title =        {3DDFA},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/cleardusk/3DDFA}},
  year =         {2018}
}

Inference speed

When batch size is 128, the inference time of MobileNet-V1 takes about 34.7ms. The average speed is about 0.27ms/pic.

Evaluation

First, you should download the cropped testset ALFW and ALFW-2000-3D in test.data.zip, then unzip it and put it in the root directory. Next, run the benchmark code by providing trained model path. I have already provided five pre-trained models in models directory (seen in below table). These models are trained using different loss in the first stage. The model size is about 13M due to the high efficiency of MobileNet-V1 structure.

python3 ./benchmark.py -c models/phase1_wpdc_vdc_v2.pth.tar

The performances of pre-trained models are shown below. In the first stage, the effectiveness of different loss is in order: WPDC > VDC > PDC. While the strategy using VDC to finetune WPDC achieves the best result.

Model	AFLW (21 pts)	AFLW 2000-3D (68 pts)	Download Link
phase1_pdc.pth.tar	6.956±0.981	5.644±1.323	Baidu Yun or Google Drive
phase1_vdc.pth.tar	6.717±0.924	5.030±1.044	Baidu Yun or Google Drive
phase1_wpdc.pth.tar	6.348±0.929	4.759±0.996	Baidu Yun or Google Drive
phase1_wpdc_vdc.pth.tar	5.401±0.754	4.252±0.976	Baidu Yun or Google Drive
phase1_wpdc_vdc_v2.pth.tar [newly add]	5.298±0.776	4.090±0.964	Already existed in this repo.

Training

The training scripts lie in training directory. The related resources are in below table.

Data	Download Link	Description
train.configs	BaiduYun or Google Drive, 217M	The directory contraining 3DMM params and filelists of training dataset
train_aug_120x120.zip	BaiduYun or Google Drive, 2.15G	The cropped images of augmentation training dataset
test.data.zip	BaiduYun or Google Drive, 151M	The cropped images of AFLW and ALFW-2000-3D testset

After preparing the training dataset and configuration files, go into training directory and run the bash scripts to train. The training parameters are all presented in bash scripts.

FQA

Face bounding box initialization

The original paper validates that using detected bounding box instead of ground truth box will cause a little performance drop. Thus the current face cropping method is robustest. Quantitative results are shown in below table.

Acknowledgement

Authors of this project: Jianzhu Guo, Xiangyu Zhu. This project is partially supervised by Zhen Lei.
Thanks for Yao Feng's fantastic works PRNet and face3d.

Thanks for your interest in this repo. If your work or research benefit from this repo, please cite it and star it 😃

And welcome to focus on my another 3D face related work MeGlass.

Contact

Jianzhu Guo (郭建珠) [Homepage, Google Scholar]: jianzhu.guo@nlpr.ia.ac.cn.

Xiangyu Zhu (朱翔昱) [Homepage, Google Scholar]: xiangyu.zhu@nlpr.ia.ac.cn.

3D-Face/3DDFA