- Goal
- Internet Protocol (IP)
- Netmask
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
- User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
- Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
- Domain Name System (DNS)
- Ping
Solve the 10 Network level and understand how TCP/IP addressing works.
- IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long (4,294,967,296 or 2^32 addresses)
- IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long (3.4E38 addresses)
Class |
Address Range |
Number of Networks |
Addresses per Network |
Number of Addresses |
Class A |
0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 |
128 (2^7) |
16,777,216 (2^24) |
2,147,483,648 (2^31) |
Class B |
128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255 |
16,384 (2^14) |
65,536 (2^16) |
1,073,741,824 (2^30) |
Class C |
192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255 |
2,097,152 (2^21) |
256 (2^8) |
536,870,912 (2^29) |
Class D |
224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 |
Undefined |
Undefined |
268,435,456 (2^28) |
Class E |
240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255 |
Undefined |
Undefined |
268,435,456 (2^28) |
IPv4 Address Binary Code Representation
Class |
Dot-Decimal Notation |
Binary Code |
Class A |
0.0.0.0 |
00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 |
|
127.255.255.255 |
01111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 |
|
|
0nnnnnnn.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH |
|
|
|
Class B |
128.0.0.0 |
10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 |
|
191.255.255.255 |
10111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 |
|
|
10nnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH |
|
|
|
Class C |
192.0.0.0 |
11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 |
|
223.255.255.255 |
11011111.11111111.11111111.11111111 |
|
|
110nnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.HHHHHHHH |
|
|
|
Class D |
224.0.0.0 |
11100000.00000000.00000000.00000000 |
|
239.255.255.255 |
11101111.11111111.11111111.11111111 |
|
|
1110XXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX |
|
|
|
Class E |
240.0.0.0 |
11110000.00000000.00000000.00000000 |
|
255.255.255.255 |
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 |
|
|
1111XXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX |
n
indicates a bit used for the network ID
H
indicates a bit used for the host ID
X
indicates a bit without a specified purpose
10.0.0.0
- 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0
- 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0
- 192.168.255.255
- 32-bit binary mask used to divide an IPv4 address into subnets
- First address in the subnet is the assigned network address (all-bits-zero host value)
- Last address in the subnet is the assigned broadcast address (all-bits-one host value)
IPv4 Address Default Netmask
Class |
Default Netmask |
CIDR Notation |
Class A |
255.0.0.0 |
/8 |
Class B |
255.255.0.0 |
/16 |
Class C |
255.255.255.0 |
/24 |
Class D |
Undefined |
Undefined |
Class E |
Undefined |
Undefined |
Example 1: 10.21.145.137/13
|
Dot-Decimal Notation |
Binary Code |
Address |
10.21.145.137 |
00001010.00010 101.00101101.10001001 |
Netmask |
255.248.0.0 |
11111111.11111 000.00000000.00000000 |
Network |
10.16.0.0 |
00001010.00010 000.00000000.00000000 |
HostMin |
10.16.0.1 |
00001010.00010 000.00000000.00000001 |
HostMax |
10.23.255.254 |
00001010.00010 111.11111111.11111110 |
Broadcast |
10.23.255.255 |
00001010.00010 111.11111111.11111111 |
Next Network |
10.24.0.0 |
00001010.00011 000.00000000.00000000 |
10.21.145.137/13
belongs to the subnet 10.16.0.0
- 10.23.255.255
- Number of hosts in the subnet = 524286 (2^19 - 2)
Example 2: 156.67.154.75/28
|
Dot-Decimal Notation |
Binary Code |
Address |
156.67.154.75 |
10011100.01000011.10011010.0100 1011 |
Netmask |
255.255.255.240 |
11111111.11111111.11111111.1111 0000 |
Network |
156.67.154.64 |
10011100.01000011.10011010.0100 0000 |
HostMin |
156.67.154.65 |
10011100.01000011.10011010.0100 0001 |
HostMax |
156.67.154.78 |
10011100.01000011.10011010.0100 1110 |
Broadcast |
156.67.154.79 |
10011100.01000011.10011010.0100 1111 |
Next Network |
156.67.154.80 |
10011100.01000011.10011010.0101 0000 |
156.67.154.75/28
belongs to the subnet 156.67.154.64
- 156.67.154.79
- Number of hosts in the subnet = 14 (2^4 - 2)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
- Connection-oriented protocol
- Does not support broadcasting
- Comparatively slower than UDP
- Reliable and guarantees delivery of data to destination
- Sequences data; packets arrive in-order at the receiver
- Extensive error checking mechanism; provides flow control & acknowledgment of data
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
- Datagram-oriented protocol
- Supports broadcasting
- Faster, simpler & more efficient than TCP
- Delivery of data to destination cannot be guaranteed in UDP
- No sequencing of data; has to be managed by application layer if ordering is required
- Only has basic error checking mechanism using checksums
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
- Application Layer
- Presentation Layer
- Session Layer
- Transport Layer
- Network Layer
- Data Link Layer
- Physical Layer
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
- Used for both IPv4 & IPv6
- Uses UDP as its transport protocol
- Automates IP configuration, including IP address, subnet mask, default gateway & DNS information
- Translates internet domain and host names to IP address
- Operates by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request packets to target host and waiting for ICMP echo reply
ping localhost
or ping 127.0.0.1
to test IP stack