Socioeconomic Privilege and Political Ideology are Associated with Racial Disparity in COVID-19 Vaccination: Methods and Materials

This public repository contains the materials for reproducing the results described in Agarwal et al. (2021) Socioeconomic Privilege and Political Ideology Are Associated with Racial Disparity in COVID-19 Vaccination and additional supplementary analyses.

Content Description
Data Sources for COVID-19 Racial Vaccination by States
- COVID-19 Vaccination Disparity Map
- Hispanic White Porportion for Each State
Missingness
Summary Statistics for Final Data
- Correlation Matrix Heatmap for Final Data
Main Regression Result
- Base Model Regression Table
Robustness Checks

Content Description

Materials for reproducibility include:

COVID-19 vaccination rate data and Python code to reproduce the data collection, including:

a) The notebook 1.CountyVaccine_Automation includes the code to collect the county-level vaccination information by race from the States whose vaccination data is oragnized in a downlable table. In this notebook, the Python code can automatically scrape the data. The States include： Illinois, Texas, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Virginia.

b) The notebook 1.CountyVaccine_Tableau is designed to collect the county-level vaccination information by race from the States whose vaccination information is present in a Tableau Dashboard format. In this notebook, the Python code can also automatically scrape the data. The States include：New York, Wisconsin, Ohio, South Carolina, and Oregon.

c) The notebook 1.CountyVaccine_Manual is developed to collect the county-level racial vaccination information from the States whose vaccination information needs to be collected manually before running the code. These States include: California, Tennessee, North Carolina, West Virginia, Maine, and New Jersey. The instructions on manual collections are documented here.
Data and Python code to merge information from the various sources cited in our Supplementary Information (SI) Appendix.
Python code for cleaning the data.
Clean data and code to reproduce our main regression analyses (reported in main text) and robustness checks (reported in SI Appendix) as well as additional supplementary analyses reported here.

Below, we also provide additional summary statistics, exploratory data analysis, and full results for the robustness checks described in the SI appendix.

Data Sources for COVID-19 Racial Vaccination by States

The data is in DataInfo/State-VaxData-Source.csv data.

State	# of Counties	Population (million)	# of Valid Counties	Population in Analysis (million)	Data Source
California	54	39.45	43	39.09	https://covid19.ca.gov/vaccines/#California-vaccines-dashboard
Illinois	100	12.46	41	11.41	https://www.dph.illinois.gov/covid19/vaccinedata?county=Illinois
Indiana	88	6.62	37	5.31	https://www.coronavirus.in.gov/vaccine/2680.htm
Maine	16	1.34	8	1.01	https://www.maine.gov/covid19/vaccines/dashboard
New Jersey	21	8.88	21	8.88	https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/covid2019_dashboard.shtml
New York	62	19.45	48	18.79	https://covid19vaccine.health.ny.gov/covid-19-vaccine-tracker
North Carolina	43	8.56	43	8.56	https://covid19.ncdhhs.gov/dashboard/data-behind-dashboards
Ohio	88	11.69	57	10.57	https://coronavirus.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/covid-19/dashboards/covid-19-vaccine/covid-19-vaccination-dashboard
Oregon	23	4.05	11	3.22	https://public.tableau.com/profile/oregon.health.authority.covid.19#!/vizhome/OregonCOVID-19VaccinationTrends/OregonCountyVaccinationTrends
Pennsylvania	60	12.68	40	11.66	https://www.health.pa.gov/topics/disease/coronavirus/Vaccine/Pages/Vaccine.aspx
South Carolina	46	5.15	46	5.15	https://scdhec.gov/covid19/covid-19-vaccination-dashboard
Tennessee	90	6.77	62	6.11	https://www.tn.gov/health/cedep/ncov/data/downloadable-datasets.html
Texas	236	27.66	137	26.71	https://tabexternal.dshs.texas.gov/t/THD/views/COVID-19VaccineinTexasDashboard/Summary?%3Aorigin=card_share_link&%3Aembed=y&%3AisGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y
Virginia	132	8.53	111	8.21	https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/coronavirus/covid-19-vaccine-demographics/
West Virginia	55	1.79	23	1.27	https://dhhr.wv.gov/COVID-19/Pages/default.aspx
Wisconsin	72	5.82	28	4.69	https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/covid-19/vaccine-data.htm#day
Sum	1186	180.92	756	170.65

Note. Valid counties are those that were included in our main regression analyses, following the exclusion criteria outlined below in the sample construction figure.

Hispanic White Porportion for Each State

The data is in DataInfo/6NHWhiteStatesVS10WhiteStates.csv data.

	756 counties in the main analysis			744 counties excluding the high mobility counties
State	Total White	Hispanic White	Hispanic White Rate	Total White	Hispanic White	Hispanic White Rate
States Reporting Non-Hispanic White Vaccination Rate
California	28368445	13994237	0.4933	18971980	8669768	0.4570
Illinois	9551335	2019602	0.2114	9551335	2019602	0.2114
New Jersey	6388804	1537809	0.2407	5953609	1297376	0.2179
Oregon	3506031	466847	0.1332	3506031	466847	0.1332
Texas	21507737	9654049	0.4489	21031458	9520356	0.4527
Virginia	5917616	694680	0.1174	5905834	688349	0.1166

States Reporting Whole White Vaccination Rate
Indiana	5602889	429126	0.0766	5602889	429126	0.0766
Maine	1269326	19729	0.0155	1269326	19729	0.0155
New York	13546776	2791356	0.2061	9153734	1080290	0.1180
North Carolina	5918976	741346	0.1252	5918976	741346	0.1252
Ohio	9552736	383644	0.0402	9552736	383644	0.0402
Pennsylvania	10329505	752025	0.0728	10329505	752025	0.0728
South Carolina	3532048	254506	0.0721	3132671	210947	0.0673
Tennessee	5297436	333856	0.0630	5297436	333856	0.0630
West Virginia	1675122	26610	0.0159	1675122	26610	0.0159
Wisconsin	5067781	358716	0.0708	5067781	358716	0.0708

COVID-19 Vaccination Disparity Map

Figure S1. Map represents COVID-19 vaccination disparities across 1,186 counties with data by race as of April 19, 2021. Red indicates higher vaccination rates among Whites, and blue indicates higher vaccination rates among Blacks. The vaccination rate in some counties with small numbers of Blacks or Whites exceeded 100%. We exclude those counties in Figure 1. In the regression using data from 756 counties, the range of vaccination disparity is between -52.0% and 66.2%.

Missingness

Figure S2. Patterns of missingness in predictor and outcome variables where white lines indicate values are missing.

Sample Construction

The filtering of the data collected for all counties on April 19, 2021. The same method is also applied to the data on March 27 2021, April 07 2021, May 20 2021.

Figure S3. Flowchart depicting sample construction.

Summary Statistics for Final Data

We present descriptive statistics of the variables in our regression analysis in non-standardized units. The table below presents rate and proportion data as percentages for ease of interpretation.

The data is in DataInfo/IndependentVarSource.csv data.

Variable	Description	Source	Data Field	count	mean	std	min	0.250	0.500	0.750	max
CVD	Covid vaccination disparity between White and Black populations in county i.	Department of Health in each state	Vax_DisparityY	756	12.119	10.355	-18.168	4.922	10.451	17.757	53.842
FVD	Flu vaccination disparity between White and Black populations in county i.	CMS Mapping Medical Disparity Tool (https://data.cms.gov/mapping-medicare-disparities)	FluVax_DisparityY	756	15.185	6.445	-12.000	12.000	16.000	19.000	37.000
Median Income	Household median income (in thousands) in county i.	2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables	MedianIncome	756	58.448	16.597	27.063	48.006	54.517	64.081	142.299
Median Income Disparity	Household median income disparity (in thousands) between White and Black populations in county i.	2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables	MedianIncome_Disparity	756	21.003	16.109	-67.705	13.660	21.828	29.514	112.332
High School Graduation Rate	Rate of high school or above education attainment in county i.	2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables	HighSchool_Rate	756	86.931	5.305	61.800	83.975	87.900	90.900	96.800
High School Disparity	High school or above education attainment disparity between White and Black populations in county i.	2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables	HighSchool_Disparity	756	6.762	7.881	-30.300	2.400	6.200	10.700	42.200
Health Facilities Per Capita	Number of potential health facilities which provide COVID-19 vaccine per person in county i.	VaxMap 2.0 (https://www.westhealth.org/resource/vaxmap-potential-covid-19-vaccine-locations/)	FacNumRate	756	0.024	0.012	0.000	0.017	0.021	0.026	0.098
COVID-19 Cases Per Capita	Number of COVID-19 cases per person in county i by April 19th, 2021	The Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19)	CaseRate	756	9.469	2.657	2.235	7.720	9.527	11.116	24.159
Home IT Rate	Rate of computer ownership and internet in the home in county i.	2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables	IT_Rate	756	82.684	7.053	55.600	78.775	83.400	87.600	97.000
Home IT Disparity	Computer ownership and internet in the home disparity between White and Black populations in county i.	2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables	IT_Disparity	756	8.308	10.520	-21.900	2.100	7.700	14.000	72.300
Urban	Dummy variable that equals 1 if county i is located in an urban area.	CMS Mapping Medical Disparity Tool (https://data.cms.gov/mapping-medicare-disparities)	urban	756	0.603	0.490	0.000	0.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
Rate of Vehicle Ownership	Rate of households with vehicles in county i.	CDC Social Vulnerability Index (https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/index.html)	vehicle	756	92.914	4.962	23.000	91.800	93.700	95.200	98.600
Political Ideology	Rate of people who voted Republican in 2020 presidential election in county i.	USA Today (https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/graphics/2020/11/10/election-maps-2020-america-county-results-more-voters/6226197002/)	republican_rate	756	58.749	16.065	11.249	48.080	60.414	71.550	89.324
Segregation Index	The degree to which Black and White groups live separately from one another in county i.	2021 County Health Rankings (https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/measures-data-sources/county-health-rankings-model/health-factors/social-and-economic-factors/family-social-support/residential-segregation-blackwhite)	Segregation	756	44.852	16.125	0.041	33.277	45.831	56.441	86.159
Racial Bias	Weighted implicit racial bias in county i.	Data from Riddle and Sinclair (2019; https://osf.io/pu79a/)	racial_weighted_bias	756	39.993	1.879	31.156	39.199	40.177	40.888	44.453
Vaccine Hesitancy	COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in county i.	Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (https://aspe.hhs.gov/pdf-report/vaccine-hesitancy)	hesitancy	756	17.677	3.798	7.000	15.000	18.000	20.000	27.000
Proportion of Black Residents	Proportion of black residents in county i.	County Population by Characteristics: 2010-2019 (https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-counties-detail.html)	Black_Prop	756	12.397	13.136	0.541	3.103	7.429	16.913	76.973
Flu Vaccination Rate	Rate of flu vaccination among Medicare beneficiaries in county i.	CMS Mapping Medical Disparity Tool (https://data.cms.gov/mapping-medicare-disparities)	FluVax_Rate	756	47.622	7.552	19.000	43.000	49.000	53.000	65.000
Flu Vaccination Disparity	Flu vaccination disparity between White and Black Medicare beneficiaries in county i.	CMS Mapping Medical Disparity Tool (https://data.cms.gov/mapping-medicare-disparities)	FluVax_Disparity	756	15.185	6.445	-12.000	12.000	16.000	19.000	37.000
Proportion of Pop. Above Age 75	Rate of Age >=75 population in county i.	County Population by Characteristics: 2010-2019 (https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-counties-detail.html)	Above75_Rate	756	7.680	1.844	3.515	6.469	7.697	8.758	17.853
Above Age 75 Disparity	Age >= 75 population disparity between white and black people in county i.	County Population by Characteristics: 2010-2019 (https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-counties-detail.html)	Above75_Disparity	756	4.583	2.452	-4.481	3.099	4.717	5.966	17.401
Proportion of Pop. Above Age 15 Below 74	Rate of 15 <= age <= 74 population in county i.	County Population by Characteristics: 2010-2019 (https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-counties-detail.html)	A15T74_Rate	756	74.389	2.144	65.922	73.190	74.299	75.436	83.149
Age 15 <= Age <= 74 Disparity	15 <= age <= 74 population disparity between white and black people in county i.	County Population by Characteristics: 2010-2019 (https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-counties-detail.html)	A15T74_Disparity	756	-0.433	4.311	-20.894	-1.974	0.064	1.996	17.110
Test Positivity	Rate of Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs) positivity in county i.	CDC COVID-19 Integrated County View (https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#county-view)	Positivity	756	6.334	3.765	0.000	3.828	5.760	8.433	26.080

Correlation Matrix Heatmap for Final Data

Figure S4. A correlation matrix heatmap illustrate bivariate relationships among all variables in our main regression results and robustness checks.

Main Regression Result

Base Model Regression Table

Below, we provide the regression table presented in Agarwal et al. (2021) for comparison to the robustness checks.

You can get the stata code to do this regression by:

python statacode.py --task main_regression 
python statacode.py --task main_regression_originalX

or directly check the data and stata code in the folder StataCode/main_regression code and StataCode/main_regression_originalX code.

	(A1) standardized-predictor	(A2) standardized-predictor	(B1) original-predictor	(B2) original-predictor
VARIABLES	CVD (April 19, 2021)	FVD (2019)	CVD (April 19, 2021)	FVD (2019)

Economic Stability
Median Income	-2.196*	1.135+	-0.132*	0.0684+
	(0.987)	(0.611)	(0.0595)	(0.0368)
Median Income Disparity	0.888+	0.884+	0.0551+	0.0549+
	(0.439)	(0.431)	(0.0272)	(0.0268)
Education Access and Quality
High School Graduation Rate	1.219	0.0298	0.230	0.00562
	(1.191)	(0.284)	(0.225)	(0.0534)
High School Disparity	2.013***	0.190	0.255***	0.0241
	(0.408)	(0.338)	(0.0518)	(0.0428)
Healthcare Access and Quality
Health Facilities Per Capita	0.782	-0.297	66.12	-25.15
	(0.762)	(0.382)	(64.46)	(32.32)
COVID-19 Cases Per Capita	-0.0764	0.352	-0.0287	0.133
	(0.751)	(0.260)	(0.283)	(0.0979)
Neighborhood and Built Environment
Home IT Rate	0.514	0.418	0.0729	0.0593
	(0.772)	(0.431)	(0.109)	(0.0612)
Home IT Disparity	0.199	0.247	0.0189	0.0235
	(0.989)	(0.438)	(0.0940)	(0.0416)
Urban	0.185	0.00119	0.185	0.00119
	(1.226)	(0.695)	(1.226)	(0.695)
Rate of Vehicle Ownership	2.069	-0.178	0.417	-0.0358
	(1.284)	(0.665)	(0.259)	(0.134)
Social and Community Context
Political Ideology	-6.451**	-1.523***	-0.402**	-0.0948***
	(1.728)	(0.373)	(0.108)	(0.0232)
Segregation	1.426+	0.595+	0.0884+	0.0369+
	(0.692)	(0.318)	(0.0429)	(0.0197)
Racial Bias	1.431+	0.307	0.762+	0.164
	(0.733)	(0.382)	(0.390)	(0.203)
Covariates
Vaccine Hesitancy	1.905	-0.248	0.501	-0.0653
	(1.764)	(0.674)	(0.464)	(0.177)
Proportion of Black Pop.	-5.243*	0.293	-0.399*	0.0223
	(2.057)	(0.549)	(0.157)	(0.0418)

Constant	8.286***	13.46***	-67.82	3.475
	(1.437)	(0.916)	(39.98)	(9.724)

Observations	756	756	756	756
Covered Population (million)	170.650	170.650	170.650	170.650
Covered Population (proportion)	0.515	0.515	0.515	0.515
R-squared	0.673	0.463	0.673	0.463
State Dummies	True	True	True	True
Robust Standard Error	True	True	True	True
Clustered at State Level	True	True	True	True
Weighted with County Population	True	True	True	True

Detailed Regression Results and Robustness Checks

Different Age Group Controls

Below, we report regression tables controlling for proportion of population above age 75 and disparities in the proportion of population above age 75 for the White and Black population. We add this variable as a control to account for the fact that older adults were prioritized early on in the vaccine rollout. In addition, we add additional control variables to account for the population that was eligible for the vaccines. Based on available demographic data, we approximate the vaccine eligible population by controlling for the proportion of population ages 15-74 in one set of analyses and the proportion of population ages 20-74 in a second set of analyses.

You can get the stata code to do this regression by:

python statacode.py --task check_age_all 
python statacode.py --task check_age_above15 
python statacode.py --task check_age_above20

or directly check the data and stata code in the folder StataCode/check_age_all, StataCode/check_age_above15, and StataCode/check_age_above20.

	(A1)	(A2)	(A3)	(A4) age 15~74	(A5) age 20~74	(B1)	(B2)	(B3)	(B4) age 15~74	(B5) age 20~74	(C1)	(C2)	(C3)	(C4) age 15~74	(C5) age 20~74
VARIABLES	CVD	CVD	CVD	CVD	CVD	CVD 15+	CVD 15+	CVD 15+	CVD 15+	CVD 15+	CVD 20+	CVD 20+	CVD 20+	CVD 20+	CVD 20+

Economic Stability
Median Income	-2.196*	-2.819**	-1.795**	-1.126*	-0.924	-2.114	-2.741*	-1.686*	-1.314+	-1.059	-2.054	-2.731*	-1.653+	-1.334+	-1.210
	(0.987)	(0.817)	(0.561)	(0.506)	(0.543)	(1.235)	(1.004)	(0.687)	(0.647)	(0.683)	(1.396)	(1.128)	(0.791)	(0.747)	(0.786)
Median Income Disparity	0.888+	0.542	0.988*	0.875+	0.888+	1.018+	0.646	1.097+	0.983+	0.998+	1.063+	0.659	1.117+	0.996+	1.024+
	(0.439)	(0.503)	(0.457)	(0.436)	(0.436)	(0.506)	(0.571)	(0.516)	(0.499)	(0.493)	(0.544)	(0.614)	(0.542)	(0.527)	(0.519)
Education Access and Quality
High School Graduation Rate	1.219	1.115	1.353	1.431	1.334	1.287	1.198	1.534	1.717	1.574	1.394	1.299	1.685	1.904	1.757
	(1.191)	(1.089)	(1.147)	(1.156)	(1.115)	(1.367)	(1.248)	(1.308)	(1.318)	(1.280)	(1.427)	(1.297)	(1.355)	(1.370)	(1.333)
High School Disparity	2.013***	1.905***	1.699**	1.859**	1.991***	2.343***	2.235***	2.032**	2.171**	2.274***	2.641***	2.525***	2.321**	2.463**	2.519***
	(0.408)	(0.378)	(0.519)	(0.490)	(0.481)	(0.460)	(0.438)	(0.560)	(0.576)	(0.558)	(0.503)	(0.480)	(0.598)	(0.621)	(0.605)
Healthcare Access and Quality
Health Facilities Per Capita	0.782	0.812	0.862	0.650	0.633	0.650	0.703	0.814	0.698	0.632	0.643	0.702	0.844	0.744	0.700
	(0.762)	(0.698)	(0.746)	(0.730)	(0.728)	(0.877)	(0.797)	(0.834)	(0.843)	(0.833)	(0.948)	(0.854)	(0.888)	(0.906)	(0.895)
COVID-19 Cases Per Capita	-0.0764	-0.110	-0.346	-0.389	-0.307	-0.0320	-0.0936	-0.379	-0.409	-0.368	0.0956	0.0269	-0.284	-0.313	-0.290
	(0.751)	(0.669)	(0.641)	(0.556)	(0.591)	(0.866)	(0.791)	(0.778)	(0.691)	(0.724)	(0.966)	(0.881)	(0.876)	(0.782)	(0.816)
Neighborhood and Built Environment
Home IT Rate	0.514	0.424	0.119	-0.370	-0.317	0.297	0.183	-0.284	-0.482	-0.506	0.208	0.0821	-0.464	-0.601	-0.545
	(0.772)	(0.833)	(0.974)	(0.886)	(0.807)	(0.945)	(1.005)	(1.155)	(1.007)	(0.939)	(1.004)	(1.071)	(1.212)	(1.037)	(0.980)
Home IT Disparity	0.199	0.0151	0.459	-0.130	-0.252	-0.234	-0.410	0.0864	-0.212	-0.408	-0.371	-0.561	-0.0349	-0.277	-0.369
	(0.989)	(0.901)	(0.705)	(0.589)	(0.602)	(1.033)	(0.939)	(0.738)	(0.702)	(0.702)	(1.079)	(0.977)	(0.778)	(0.763)	(0.768)
Urban	0.185	0.0214	-0.147	-0.980	-0.812	-0.149	-0.285	-0.582	-1.269	-1.177	-0.211	-0.357	-0.716	-1.405	-1.234
	(1.226)	(1.150)	(0.837)	(0.798)	(0.875)	(1.444)	(1.366)	(0.974)	(0.945)	(1.034)	(1.569)	(1.491)	(1.071)	(1.043)	(1.121)
Rate of Vehicle Ownership	2.069	1.934	0.814	1.233	1.151	2.539+	2.444+	1.237	1.437	1.436	2.792+	2.692+	1.433	1.590	1.538
	(1.284)	(1.152)	(1.226)	(1.217)	(1.205)	(1.430)	(1.325)	(1.383)	(1.363)	(1.350)	(1.491)	(1.388)	(1.418)	(1.387)	(1.376)
Social and Community Context
Political Ideology	-6.451**	-5.959**	-5.262*	-5.163**	-5.133*	-7.164**	-6.610**	-5.741*	-5.872**	-5.753*	-7.691**	-7.088**	-6.130*	-6.326**	-6.227*
	(1.728)	(1.663)	(1.788)	(1.730)	(1.761)	(1.976)	(1.892)	(2.037)	(1.985)	(2.025)	(2.086)	(1.984)	(2.135)	(2.082)	(2.137)
Segregation	1.426+	1.219+	1.433	1.391+	1.332	1.721+	1.492+	1.808+	1.786+	1.769+	1.836*	1.588+	1.955+	1.936+	1.955+
	(0.692)	(0.673)	(0.823)	(0.792)	(0.815)	(0.810)	(0.777)	(0.941)	(0.916)	(0.958)	(0.848)	(0.806)	(0.987)	(0.963)	(1.019)
Racial Bias	1.431+	1.297*	0.806	0.551	0.632	1.507+	1.366+	0.843	0.628	0.653	1.638+	1.485*	0.942	0.726	0.754
	(0.733)	(0.580)	(0.592)	(0.485)	(0.427)	(0.804)	(0.645)	(0.662)	(0.573)	(0.508)	(0.834)	(0.661)	(0.671)	(0.582)	(0.532)
Covariates
Vaccine Hesitancy	1.905	2.109	1.720	1.574	1.718	2.246	2.439	1.890	1.758	1.844	2.558	2.767	2.136	2.001	2.067
	(1.764)	(1.619)	(1.647)	(1.605)	(1.591)	(2.073)	(1.930)	(1.954)	(1.881)	(1.862)	(2.252)	(2.096)	(2.115)	(2.029)	(1.999)
Proportion of Black Pop.	-5.243*	-5.245*	-5.031*	-4.873*	-4.770*	-5.784*	-5.813*	-5.635*	-5.670*	-5.481*	-6.150*	-6.184*	-6.021*	-6.107*	-5.941*
	(2.057)	(1.995)	(1.968)	(1.927)	(1.874)	(2.328)	(2.279)	(2.249)	(2.233)	(2.176)	(2.465)	(2.426)	(2.392)	(2.378)	(2.338)
Robustness Checks
FluVax_WholeRate		0.774	0.0901	-0.136	-0.124		0.646	-0.0589	-0.196	-0.232		0.688	-0.0329	-0.155	-0.171
		(0.595)	(0.657)	(0.687)	(0.711)		(0.778)	(0.854)	(0.856)	(0.885)		(0.911)	(0.977)	(0.963)	(0.983)
FluVax_Disparity		2.088***	1.665**	1.582*	1.664**		2.349***	1.913**	1.888**	1.930**		2.558***	2.112**	2.100**	2.138**
		(0.456)	(0.547)	(0.544)	(0.543)		(0.472)	(0.603)	(0.613)	(0.610)		(0.487)	(0.633)	(0.650)	(0.649)
Above75_WholeRate			-1.025	-0.763	-0.606			-1.439	-1.274	-1.050			-1.647	-1.497	-1.298
			(1.045)	(0.884)	(0.917)			(1.170)	(1.032)	(1.060)			(1.221)	(1.087)	(1.137)
Above75_Disparity			2.325*	2.742*	2.539*			2.507*	2.617*	2.539+			2.615*	2.653*	2.535+
			(0.995)	(1.026)	(1.050)			(1.159)	(1.173)	(1.215)			(1.211)	(1.229)	(1.270)
A15 (or 20) T74_WholeRate				-0.389	-0.281				-0.794	-0.582				-0.939	-0.731
				(0.588)	(0.608)				(0.698)	(0.718)				(0.748)	(0.762)
A15 (or 20) T74_Disparity				2.319***	2.472***				1.530***	1.863***				1.418**	1.385**
				(0.250)	(0.360)				(0.311)	(0.439)				(0.354)	(0.463)
Constant	8.286***	9.183***	9.963***	11.84***	11.97***	9.905***	10.82***	11.70***	13.06***	13.38***	10.07***	11.05***	12.00***	13.30***	13.38***
	(1.437)	(1.391)	(1.327)	(1.213)	(1.276)	(1.658)	(1.666)	(1.539)	(1.433)	(1.512)	(1.799)	(1.837)	(1.678)	(1.586)	(1.655)

Observations	756	756	756	756	756	756	756	756	756	756	756	756	756	756	756
Covered Population (million)	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65
Covered Population (proportion)	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149
R-squared	0.673	0.692	0.711	0.728	0.730	0.668	0.685	0.703	0.711	0.713	0.667	0.684	0.702	0.709	0.708
State Dummies	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True
Robust Standard Error	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True
Clustered at State Level	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True
Weighted with County Population	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True

Different Disparity Operationalizations

As additional robustness checks, we also model alternative operationlizations of disparity. Specifically, we model a ratio-based definition (White Vaccination Rate/Black Vaccination Rate), the log of that ratio, and an outcome that scales the absolute disparity by the overall vaccination rate of the White and Black populations in a given county.

You can get the stata code to do this regression by:

python statacode.py --task check_disparity_types

or directly check the data and stata code in the folder StataCode/check_disparity_types.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Variables	Absolute Disparity	Ratio Disparity	Log Ratio Disparity	Scaled Absolute Disparity

Economic Stability
Median Income	-2.196*	-0.224*	-0.249*	-0.260*
	(0.987)	(0.0786)	(0.112)	(0.113)
Median Income Disparity	0.888+	0.0635	0.0525	0.0829
	(0.439)	(0.0698)	(0.0461)	(0.0584)
Education Access and Quality
High School Graduation Rate	1.219	0.0108	0.0433	0.0467
	(1.191)	(0.0907)	(0.123)	(0.152)
High School Disparity	2.013***	0.258***	0.256***	0.197***
	(0.408)	(0.0463)	(0.0464)	(0.0430)
Healthcare Access and Quality
Health Facilities Per Capita	0.782	0.0140	0.0321	0.0173
	(0.762)	(0.0792)	(0.0938)	(0.0952)
COVID-19 Cases Per Capita	-0.0764	0.0146	0.0343	0.0223
	(0.751)	(0.0666)	(0.0766)	(0.0620)
Neighborhood and Built Environment
Home IT Rate	0.514	0.0325	0.0676	0.105
	(0.772)	(0.0564)	(0.0796)	(0.101)
Home IT Disparity	0.199	-0.181	-0.0636	0.00680
	(0.989)	(0.150)	(0.103)	(0.0793)
Urban	0.185	0.00423	-0.00179	-0.00382
	(1.226)	(0.152)	(0.178)	(0.167)
Rate of Vehicle Ownership	2.069	0.130	0.211	0.262+
	(1.284)	(0.147)	(0.164)	(0.148)
Social and Community Context
Political Ideology	-6.451**	-0.387*	-0.493**	-0.537**
	(1.728)	(0.131)	(0.152)	(0.167)
Segregation	1.426+	0.188**	0.241**	0.256**
	(0.692)	(0.0521)	(0.0638)	(0.0713)
Racial Bias	1.431+	0.0536	0.0793	0.106
	(0.733)	(0.0849)	(0.0919)	(0.0840)
Covariates
Vaccine Hesitancy	1.905	0.120	0.173	0.202
	(1.764)	(0.163)	(0.195)	(0.209)
Proportion of Black Pop.	-5.243*	-0.348*	-0.414*	-0.353
	(2.057)	(0.159)	(0.188)	(0.206)
Constant	8.286***	-0.482**	-0.484**	-0.374*
	(1.437)	(0.147)	(0.163)	(0.149)

Observations	756	756	756	756
Covered Population (million)	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65
Covered Population (proportion)	0.515	0.515	0.515	0.515
R-squared	0.673	0.552	0.551	0.563
State Dummies	True	True	True	True
Robust Standard Error	True	True	True	True
Clustered at State Level	True	True	True	True
Weighted with County Population	True	True	True	True

Different Dates and Full Vaccination Rate Types

You can get the stata code to do this regression by:

python statacode.py --task diff_dates

or directly check the data and stata code in the folder StataCode/diff_dates.

We compiled data from multiple time points (March 27, April 07, and May 20, 2021) to compare against our main findings based on data from April 19, 2021. In addition, we run the same model using full vaccination data from May 20, 2021 to explore whether our pattern of findings still hold.

	(A)	(B)	(C)	(D)	(E)	(F)
VARIABLES	CVD (March 27, 2021)	CVD (April 07, 2021)	CVD (April 19, 2021)	CVD (May 20, 2021)	CVD - Full Dose (May 20, 2021)	FVD (2019)

Economic Stability
Median Income	-1.862*	-2.209*	-2.196*	-1.519*	-2.797**	1.135+
	(0.698)	(0.902)	(0.987)	(0.683)	(0.742)	(0.611)
Median Income Disparity	0.135	0.509	0.888+	1.422*	1.240*	0.884+
	(0.378)	(0.381)	(0.439)	(0.577)	(0.478)	(0.431)
Education Access and Quality
High School Graduation Rate	1.43	1.358	1.219	0.623	-0.472	0.0298
	(1.144)	(1.181)	(1.191)	(1.305)	(0.808)	(0.284)
High School Disparity	1.707**	1.868***	2.013***	1.935**	1.057+	0.190
	(0.468)	(0.386)	(0.408)	(0.611)	(0.478)	(0.338)
Healthcare Access and Quality
Health Facilities Per Capita	0.14	0.569	0.782	0.351	-0.967	-0.297
	(0.421)	(0.626)	(0.762)	(0.862)	(0.772)	(0.382)
COVID-19 Cases Per Capita	0.536	0.0487	-0.0764	0.727+	0.981	0.352
	(0.388)	(0.759)	(0.751)	(0.408)	(0.679)	(0.260)
Neighborhood and Built Environment
Home IT Rate	-0.383	-0.322	0.514	0.279	1.649***	0.418
	(0.528)	(0.577)	(0.772)	(0.729)	(0.326)	(0.431)
Home IT Disparity	0.269	0.0619	0.199	0.721	-0.395	0.247
	(0.666)	(0.855)	(0.989)	(0.939)	(0.547)	(0.438)
Urban	-1.142*	0.0583	0.185	-0.529	-0.356	0.00119
	(0.457)	(1.088)	(1.226)	(0.833)	(0.329)	(0.695)
Rate of Vehicle Ownership	1.514+	2.705*	2.069	1.246	0.183	-0.178
	(0.845)	(1.027)	(1.284)	(1.632)	(1.601)	(0.665)
Social and Community Context
Political Ideology	-4.694***	-5.529**	-6.451**	-7.413***	-4.060***	-1.523***
	(1.07)	(1.374)	(1.728)	(1.353)	(0.644)	(0.373)
Segregation	1.157*	1.496*	1.426+	1.459+	0.503	0.595+
	(0.523)	(0.59)	(0.692)	(0.751)	(0.760)	(0.318)
Racial Bias	1.031+	1.416*	1.431+	1.681*	-0.118	0.307
	(0.49)	(0.631)	(0.733)	(0.733)	(0.476)	(0.382)
Covariates
Vaccine Hesitancy	0.734	1.487	1.905	2.207	-1.081	-0.248
	(1.249)	(1.599)	(1.764)	(1.548)	(0.649)	(0.674)
Proportion of Black Pop.	-4.211*	-4.603*	-5.243*	-7.212**	-3.263+	0.293
	(1.453)	(1.776)	(2.057)	(2.089)	(1.747)	(0.549)
Constant	4.937**	6.126*	8.286***	-1.078	5.825**	13.46***
	(1.411)	(2.155)	(1.437)	(2.606)	(1.614)	(0.916)

Observations	734	758	756	738	534	756
Covered Population (million)	156.46	171.71	170.65	156.06	84.96	170.65
Covered Population (proportion)	0.472	0.518	0.515	0.471	0.256	0.515
R-squared	0.822	0.655	0.673	0.748	0.706	0.463
State Dummies	True	True	True	True	True	True
Robust Standard Error	True	True	True	True	True	True
Clustered at State Level	True	True	True	True	True	True
Weighted with County Population	True	True	True	True	True	True

Residential Mobility

Some regions saw large rates of residential mobility (people moving in or out) during the course of the pandemic. To account for this, we collected data on areas that saw the greatest movement during the pandemic based on data from 75,000 moves (HireAHelper Migration Report, 2021). The list includes 10 cities with the greatest net increase in movement and the 10 cities with the greatest net decrease in movement, some of which are not represented in the counties included in our analysis. We exclude the 12 relevant counties represented in our data, and run additional robustness checks reported below.

You can get the stata code to do this regression by:

python statacode.py --task residential_mobility

or directly check the data and stata code in the folder StataCode/residential_mobility.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
VARIABLES	CVD	CVD	CVD	CVD

Economic Stability
Median Income	-2.584*	-2.903**	-2.108*	-1.336+
	(0.996)	(0.892)	(0.806)	(0.738)
Median Income Disparity	1.074	0.789	1.204	1.112
	(0.724)	(0.656)	(0.687)	(0.743)
Education Access and Quality
High School Graduation Rate	-0.583	-0.516	-0.510	-0.813
	(0.754)	(0.729)	(0.622)	(0.636)
High School Disparity	1.463***	1.428***	1.054**	1.164**
	(0.282)	(0.273)	(0.318)	(0.325)
Healthcare Access and Quality
Health Facilities Per Capita	0.283	0.425	0.257	0.141
	(0.642)	(0.634)	(0.596)	(0.557)
COVID-19 Cases Per Capita	0.469	0.353	0.000373	0.00252
	(0.419)	(0.473)	(0.378)	(0.332)
Neighborhood and Built Environment
Home IT Rate	1.446+	1.252	1.517+	0.989
	(0.777)	(0.823)	(0.748)	(0.656)
Home IT Disparity	-0.515	-0.478	-0.102	-0.471
	(0.770)	(0.737)	(0.676)	(0.640)
Urban	-0.372	-0.381	-0.174	-0.468
	(0.487)	(0.509)	(0.584)	(0.589)
Rate of Vehicle Ownership	0.721	0.903	0.00403	0.0895
	(1.399)	(1.221)	(1.310)	(1.258)
Social and Community Context
Political Ideology	-6.399***	-5.948***	-5.567***	-5.068***
	(0.977)	(0.915)	(0.975)	(1.009)
Segregation	1.438*	1.243*	0.955	0.945
	(0.550)	(0.548)	(0.685)	(0.678)
Racial Bias	0.152	0.115	-0.216	-0.156
	(0.543)	(0.471)	(0.463)	(0.409)
Covariates
Vaccine Hesitancy	0.172	0.205	0.128	0.0404
	(1.398)	(1.284)	(1.251)	(1.150)
Proportion of Black Pop.	-4.625*	-4.821**	-4.177*	-3.994*
	(1.700)	(1.605)	(1.558)	(1.575)
Robustness Check
FluVax_WholeRate		-0.155	-0.668	-0.905
		(0.592)	(0.542)	(0.562)
FluVax_Disparity		2.111**	1.518**	1.473**
		(0.601)	(0.514)	(0.486)
Above75_WholeRate			-0.131	0.0752
			(0.667)	(0.625)
Above75_Disparity			2.539***	3.108***
			(0.564)	(0.491)
A15T74_WholeRate				1.001*
				(0.357)
A15T74_Disparity				1.436**
				(0.358)
Constant	9.265***	9.837***	10.66***	11.58***
	(1.309)	(1.293)	(1.399)	(1.498)

Observations	744	744	744	744
Covered Population (million)	146.00	146.00	146.00	146.00
Covered Population (proportion)	0.440	0.440	0.440	0.440
R-squared	0.750	0.764	0.783	0.791
State Dummies	True	True	True	True
Robust Standard Error	True	True	True	True
Clustered at State Level	True	True	True	True
Weighted with County Population	True	True	True	True

Recent Positive Rate per COVID-19 Test

We include a variable measuring recent positivity rate (April 12-April 19).

You can get the stata code to do this regression by:

python statacode.py --task recent_positive_rate

or directly check the data and stata code in the folder StataCode/recent_positive_rate.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
VARIABLES	CVD	CVD	CVD	CVD	CVD

Economic Stability
Median Income	-2.196*	-2.128*	-2.766**	-1.737**	-1.086*
	(0.987)	(0.968)	(0.789)	(0.526)	(0.476)
Median Income Disparity	0.888+	0.914+	0.568	1.017*	0.903+
	(0.439)	(0.434)	(0.498)	(0.448)	(0.429)
Education Access and Quality
High School Graduation Rate	1.219	1.398	1.314	1.567	1.577
	(1.191)	(1.125)	(1.032)	(1.057)	(1.072)
High School Disparity	2.013***	2.041***	1.933***	1.729**	1.875**
	(0.408)	(0.423)	(0.392)	(0.543)	(0.501)
Healthcare Access and Quality
Health Facilities Per Capita	0.782	0.864	0.898	0.956	0.723
	(0.762)	(0.750)	(0.704)	(0.760)	(0.730)
COVID-19 Cases Per Capita	-0.0764	0.0534	0.0548	-0.175	-0.258
	(0.751)	(0.748)	(0.650)	(0.610)	(0.531)
Neighborhood and Built Environment
Home IT Rate	0.514	0.362	0.252	-0.0718	-0.520
	(0.772)	(0.737)	(0.795)	(0.928)	(0.835)
Home IT Disparity	0.199	0.244	0.0559	0.505	-0.0962
	(0.989)	(0.971)	(0.883)	(0.686)	(0.575)
Urban	0.185	0.0242	-0.190	-0.376	-1.124
	(1.226)	(1.278)	(1.202)	(0.865)	(0.811)
Rate of Vehicle Ownership	2.069	2.097	1.942	0.818	1.238
	(1.284)	(1.277)	(1.145)	(1.245)	(1.232)
Social and Community Context
Political Ideology	-6.451**	-6.552**	-6.087**	-5.387**	-5.236**
	(1.728)	(1.722)	(1.640)	(1.772)	(1.723)
Segregation	1.426+	1.378+	1.164	1.380	1.352
	(0.692)	(0.697)	(0.679)	(0.822)	(0.796)
Racial Bias	1.431+	1.321	1.164+	0.664	0.452
	(0.733)	(0.759)	(0.590)	(0.604)	(0.513)
Covariates
Vaccine Hesitancy	1.905	1.857	2.067	1.667	1.540
	(1.764)	(1.778)	(1.623)	(1.652)	(1.614)
Proportion of Black Pop.	-5.243*	-5.249*	-5.239*	-5.027*	-4.856*
	(2.057)	(2.030)	(1.962)	(1.933)	(1.907)
Robustness Check
Recent_Positivity		0.713+	0.842*	0.886*	0.671*
		(0.385)	(0.334)	(0.311)	(0.313)
FluVax_WholeRate			0.874	0.194	-0.0549
			(0.596)	(0.666)	(0.693)
FluVax_Disparity			2.058***	1.632*	1.556*
			(0.467)	(0.567)	(0.563)
Above75_WholeRate				-1.049	-0.784
				(1.042)	(0.883)
Above75_Disparity				2.336*	2.763*
				(1.004)	(1.040)
A15T74_WholeRate					-0.319
					(0.595)
A15T74_Disparity					2.280***
					(0.242)
Constant	8.286***	8.224***	9.145***	9.929***	11.77***
	(1.437)	(1.450)	(1.405)	(1.328)	(1.184)

Observations	756	756	756	756	756
Covered Population (million)	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65
Covered Population (proportion)	0.515	0.515	0.515	0.515	0.515
R-squared	0.673	0.674	0.694	0.713	0.729
State Dummies	True	True	True	True	True
Robust Standard Error	True	True	True	True	True
Clustered at State Level	True	True	True	True	True
Weighted with County Population	True	True	True	True	True

Avoid Collinearity by Droping `Hesitancy` Variable

We reviewed the Variable Inflation Rate (VIF) for our main regression model, finding that vaccine hesitancy had a VIF that exceeds the suggested cut-off value of 10. To assess how much the multicollinearity may have an impact on our findings, we try models excluding vaccine hesitancy, and report those below.

You can get the stata code to do this regression by:

python statacode.py --task avoid_collinearity

or directly check the data and stata code in the folder StataCode/avoid_collinearity.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
VARIABLES	CVD	CVD	CVD	CVD

Economic Stability
Median Income	-2.898***	-3.568***	-2.389***	-1.666**
	(0.659)	(0.486)	(0.496)	(0.504)
Median Income Disparity	0.881+	0.538	0.977+	0.863+
	(0.468)	(0.538)	(0.473)	(0.445)
Education Access and Quality
High School Graduation Rate	1.194	1.096	1.383	1.463
	(1.246)	(1.158)	(1.212)	(1.226)
High School Disparity	2.107***	2.013***	1.790**	1.944**
	(0.444)	(0.409)	(0.560)	(0.526)
Healthcare Access and Quality
Health Facilities Per Capita	0.703	0.732	0.830	0.620
	(0.788)	(0.723)	(0.763)	(0.746)
COVID-19 Cases Per Capita	-0.259	-0.320	-0.530	-0.557
	(0.771)	(0.709)	(0.609)	(0.529)
Neighborhood and Built Environment
Home IT Rate	0.452	0.350	-0.0139	-0.491
	(0.874)	(0.924)	(1.136)	(1.032)
Home IT Disparity	0.138	-0.0413	0.431	-0.157
	(0.957)	(0.872)	(0.691)	(0.584)
Urban	0.166	0.0168	-0.212	-1.050
	(1.224)	(1.146)	(0.854)	(0.836)
Rate of Vehicle Ownership	2.175	2.070+	0.903	1.315
	(1.275)	(1.157)	(1.280)	(1.260)
Social and Community Context
Political Ideology	-5.979**	-5.438**	-4.784*	-4.731*
	(1.636)	(1.633)	(1.684)	(1.671)
Segregation	1.340+	1.125+	1.407+	1.367+
	(0.642)	(0.633)	(0.796)	(0.765)
Racial Bias	1.469+	1.342+	0.836	0.575
	(0.780)	(0.630)	(0.631)	(0.522)
Covariates
Black_Prop	-4.867*	-4.841*	-4.739*	-4.609*
	(1.908)	(1.886)	(1.847)	(1.847)
Robustness Check
FluVax_WholeRate		0.697	0.0361	-0.187
		(0.576)	(0.626)	(0.652)
FluVax_Disparity		2.096***	1.675**	1.592*
		(0.467)	(0.566)	(0.559)
Above75_WholeRate			-1.213	-0.933
			(0.987)	(0.852)
Above75_Disparity			2.362*	2.774*
			(0.975)	(1.018)
A15T74_WholeRate				-0.408
				(0.622)
A15T74_Disparity				2.336***
				(0.261)
Constant	2.753	4.717+	2.270	2.389
	(1.967)	(2.407)	(2.853)	(2.740)

Observations	756	756	756	756
Covered Population (million)	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65
Covered Population (proportion)	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149
R-squared	0.670	0.689	0.709	0.726
State Dummies	True	True	True	True
Robust Standard Error	True	True	True	True
Clustered at State Level	True	True	True	True
Weighted with County Population	True	True	True	True

Subsample Analysis (6 States and 10 States)

We split our sample into two subgroups, those that provide estimates for non-Hispanic White vaccination rates specifically (six states) and those that do not (ten states).

You can get the stata code to do this regression by:

python statacode.py --task subsample_analysis_6_and_10_states

or directly check the data and stata code in the folder StataCode/subsample_analysis_6_and_10_states.

	(A1)	(A2)	(A3)	(A4)	(B1)	(B2)	(B3)	(B4)
VARIABLES	CVD (6 States)	CVD (6 States)	CVD (6 States)	CVD (6 States)	CVD (10 States)	CVD (10 States)	CVD (10 States)	CVD (10 States)
Economic Stability
Median Income	-3.629*	-3.456*	-2.435+	-2.129	-0.968	-1.730**	-0.571	0.0445
	(1.050)	(0.972)	(1.191)	(1.145)	(0.554)	(0.422)	(0.520)	(0.759)
Median Income Disparity	-0.0801	-0.465	0.180	0.0878	1.444**	1.153*	1.448**	1.318*
	(0.730)	(0.713)	(0.958)	(0.908)	(0.306)	(0.446)	(0.415)	(0.480)
Education Access and Quality
High School Graduation Rate	-1.726+	-1.571	-0.440	-0.336	3.656**	3.428***	3.237**	3.345***
	(0.774)	(0.797)	(0.946)	(1.003)	(0.914)	(0.452)	(0.713)	(0.598)
High School Disparity	2.053**	2.103**	1.602*	1.943**	2.326**	1.966**	1.826**	1.797**
	(0.419)	(0.492)	(0.495)	(0.427)	(0.630)	(0.434)	(0.516)	(0.482)
Healthcare Access and Quality
Health Facilities Per Capita	1.899+	2.018	1.313	1.220	0.825	1.186*	1.150*	0.818+
	(0.918)	(1.054)	(0.960)	(0.991)	(0.662)	(0.498)	(0.443)	(0.399)
COVID-19 Cases Per Capita	-1.862	-2.076	-2.062	-2.013	0.486	-0.136	-0.570	-0.509
	(1.225)	(1.607)	(1.233)	(1.118)	(0.633)	(0.633)	(0.646)	(0.530)
Neighborhood and Built Environment
Home IT Rate	2.167	2.044	1.394	1.163	-0.356	-0.562	-0.261	-1.076*
	(1.283)	(1.453)	(0.832)	(0.907)	(0.517)	(0.586)	(0.622)	(0.459)
Home IT Disparity	-1.085	-0.813	0.441	0.141	-0.124	-0.443	-0.567	-1.240
	(1.015)	(1.049)	(0.904)	(0.920)	(0.858)	(0.843)	(0.775)	(0.817)
Urban	0.767	0.715	-0.274	-0.671	-0.871+	-0.639	-0.373	-0.967
	(2.324)	(2.511)	(1.565)	(1.679)	(0.435)	(0.493)	(0.588)	(0.536)
Rate of Vehicle Ownership	3.324**	3.415**	1.841	2.127+	-0.763	-0.866	-1.282	-1.027
	(0.717)	(0.667)	(1.143)	(1.054)	(1.100)	(0.915)	(1.242)	(1.277)
Social and Community Context
Political Ideology	-7.955**	-7.566**	-6.347**	-6.304**	-4.377**	-3.250*	-3.280*	-2.644*
	(1.592)	(1.726)	(1.515)	(1.498)	(1.177)	(1.028)	(1.084)	(1.033)
Segregation	0.519	0.578	0.886	0.921	1.044	1.033	0.899	0.741
	(0.758)	(0.747)	(0.626)	(0.617)	(0.695)	(0.771)	(0.946)	(0.989)
Racial Bias	0.195	0.328	-0.411	-0.431	0.583	0.338	0.0975	0.0863
	(1.196)	(1.146)	(1.173)	(1.139)	(0.731)	(0.545)	(0.530)	(0.428)
Covariates
Vaccine Hesitancy	1.526+	1.866+	1.424	1.181	1.679	2.174	2.919*	2.787*
	(0.729)	(0.877)	(0.819)	(0.967)	(1.677)	(1.207)	(1.018)	(0.948)
Proportion of Black Pop.	-2.945	-3.496	-3.175	-3.064	-4.998**	-3.588*	-2.850*	-2.272+
	(2.211)	(1.879)	(1.815)	(1.785)	(1.397)	(1.442)	(0.962)	(1.098)
FluVax_WholeRate		-0.863	-1.533*	-1.662*		2.609***	2.132**	1.943**
		(0.594)	(0.535)	(0.552)		(0.489)	(0.515)	(0.594)
FluVax_Disparity		1.957	1.326	1.454		1.133	0.823	0.685
		(1.037)	(1.026)	(1.056)		(0.711)	(0.608)	(0.483)
Proportion of Pop. Above Age 75			-2.302	-1.910			0.767	0.863
			(1.302)	(1.183)			(0.636)	(0.563)
Above Age 75 Disparity			4.077*	4.349*			1.288+	1.752+
			(1.109)	(1.211)			(0.648)	(0.848)
A15T74_WholeRate				-0.249				0.828
				(0.490)				(0.524)
A15T74_Disparity				1.437+				2.028*
				(0.592)				(0.658)
Constant	-2.454	-2.197	-4.491	-4.604	5.860**	8.972***	7.267**	7.581**
	(3.122)	(3.231)	(4.342)	(4.262)	(1.537)	(1.829)	(1.685)	(1.882)

Observations	364	364	364	364	392	392	392	392
Covered Population (million)	101.03	101.03	101.03	101.03	79.89	79.89	79.89	79.89
Covered Population (proportion)	0.3048	0.3048	0.3048	0.3048	0.2410	0.2410	0.2410	0.2410
R-squared	0.736	0.744	0.779	0.783	0.699	0.735	0.750	0.773
State Dummies	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True
Robust Standard Error	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True
Clustered at State Level	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True
Weighted with County Population	True	True	True	True	True	True	True	True

Vaccination Rate on Whole White Population

In this robustness check, we treat all the State in the same way in terms of calculate the COVID-19 White Vaccination Rate: Reported-CvdVax-White / Total-White-Population. Then we ran the models with different covariates. The results are consistent to the main regression.

You can get the stata code to do this regression by:

python statacode.py --task vax_rate_on_all_white

or directly check the data and stata code in the folder StataCode/vax_rate_on_all_white.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
VARIABLES	CVD (Whole White)	CVD (Whole White)	CVD (Whole White)	CVD (Whole White)

Economic Stability
Median Income	-2.016+	-2.684**	-0.797	-0.0535
	(1.030)	(0.753)	(1.100)	(1.057)
Median Income Disparity	-0.0930	-0.453	0.401	0.338
	(0.548)	(0.448)	(0.475)	(0.463)
Education Access and Quality
High School Graduation Rate	-0.736	-0.855	-0.789	-0.847
	(0.680)	(0.687)	(0.681)	(0.705)
High School Disparity	2.012***	1.896***	1.481***	1.704***
	(0.334)	(0.337)	(0.341)	(0.361)
Healthcare Access and Quality
Health Facilities Per Capita	1.422	1.443	1.290	1.109
	(1.051)	(0.982)	(0.994)	(0.980)
COVID-19 Cases Per Capita	-0.0752	-0.0984	-0.361	-0.315
	(1.076)	(0.969)	(0.825)	(0.799)
Neighborhood and Built Environment
Home IT Rate	1.626+	1.541	1.590*	1.146+
	(0.859)	(0.935)	(0.651)	(0.585)
Home IT Disparity	-0.0985	-0.299	0.359	-0.262
	(1.215)	(1.095)	(0.851)	(0.798)
Urban	0.474	0.285	0.474	-0.00278
	(1.166)	(1.076)	(0.867)	(0.806)
Rate of Vehicle Ownership	2.073	1.909	0.0661	0.387
	(1.386)	(1.174)	(1.122)	(1.086)
Social and Community Context
Political Ideology	-6.491***	-5.993***	-5.320**	-5.126**
	(1.414)	(1.366)	(1.510)	(1.479)
Segregation	0.810	0.599	0.608	0.495
	(0.662)	(0.668)	(0.719)	(0.703)
Racial Bias	0.987	0.846+	0.0132	-0.0837
	(0.623)	(0.450)	(0.319)	(0.242)
Covariates
Vaccine Hesitancy	0.225	0.449	0.337	0.370
	(1.007)	(0.862)	(0.816)	(0.782)
Proportion of Black Pop.	-3.135	-3.124	-2.558	-2.308
	(1.877)	(1.880)	(1.687)	(1.701)
Robustness Check
FluVax_WholeRate		0.895	-0.361	-0.529
		(0.668)	(0.616)	(0.675)
FluVax_Disparity		2.116***	1.338*	1.324**
		(0.491)	(0.482)	(0.445)
Above75_WholeRate			-0.343	-0.0553
			(1.150)	(1.063)
Above75_Disparity			3.824***	4.104***
			(0.597)	(0.556)
A15T74_WholeRate				0.0635
				(0.407)
A15T74_Disparity				2.046***
				(0.429)
Constant	10.15***	11.11***	12.22***	13.74***
	(1.725)	(1.592)	(1.459)	(1.439)

Observations	756	756	756	756
Covered Population (million)	170.65	170.65	170.65	170.65
Covered Population (proportion)	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149	0.5149
R-squared	0.693	0.712	0.758	0.770
State Dummies	True	True	True	True
Robust Standard Error	True	True	True	True
Clustered at State Level	True	True	True	True
Weighted with County Population	True	True	True	True

CHIDS-UMD/Covid19-Vaccination-Race-Disparity

Socioeconomic Privilege and Political Ideology are Associated with Racial Disparity in COVID-19 Vaccination: Methods and Materials

Table of Contents

Content Description

Data Sources for COVID-19 Racial Vaccination by States

Hispanic White Porportion for Each State

COVID-19 Vaccination Disparity Map

Missingness

Sample Construction

Summary Statistics for Final Data

Correlation Matrix Heatmap for Final Data

Main Regression Result

Base Model Regression Table

Detailed Regression Results and Robustness Checks

Different Age Group Controls

Different Disparity Operationalizations

Different Dates and Full Vaccination Rate Types

Residential Mobility

Recent Positive Rate per COVID-19 Test

Avoid Collinearity by Droping `Hesitancy` Variable

Subsample Analysis (6 States and 10 States)

Vaccination Rate on Whole White Population

CHIDS-UMD/Covid19-Vaccination-Race-Disparity

Socioeconomic Privilege and Political Ideology are Associated with Racial Disparity in COVID-19 Vaccination: Methods and Materials

Table of Contents

Content Description

Data Sources for COVID-19 Racial Vaccination by States

Hispanic White Porportion for Each State

COVID-19 Vaccination Disparity Map

Missingness

Sample Construction

Summary Statistics for Final Data

Correlation Matrix Heatmap for Final Data

Main Regression Result

Base Model Regression Table

Detailed Regression Results and Robustness Checks

Different Age Group Controls

Different Disparity Operationalizations

Different Dates and Full Vaccination Rate Types

Residential Mobility

Recent Positive Rate per COVID-19 Test

Avoid Collinearity by Droping Hesitancy Variable

Subsample Analysis (6 States and 10 States)

Vaccination Rate on Whole White Population

Avoid Collinearity by Droping `Hesitancy` Variable