ChristopherBilg

64json.github.io

:star: Jinseo Park's Website

Assemblies-of-putative-SARS-CoV2-spike-encoding-mRNA-sequences-for-vaccines-BNT-162b2-and-mRNA-1273

RNA vaccines have become a key tool in moving forward through the challenges raised both in the current pandemic and in numerous other public health and medical challenges. With the rollout of vaccines for COVID-19, these synthetic mRNAs have become broadly distributed RNA species in numerous human populations. Despite their ubiquity, sequences are not always available for such RNAs. Standard methods facilitate such sequencing. In this note, we provide experimental sequence information for the RNA components of the initial Moderna (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32756549/) and Pfizer/BioNTech (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33301246/) COVID-19 vaccines, allowing a working assembly of the former and a confirmation of previously reported sequence information for the latter RNA. Sharing of sequence information for broadly used therapeutics has the benefit of allowing any researchers or clinicians using sequencing approaches to rapidly identify such sequences as therapeutic-derived rather than host or infectious in origin. For this work, RNAs were obtained as discards from the small portions of vaccine doses that remained in vials after immunization; such portions would have been required to be otherwise discarded and were analyzed under FDA authorization for research use. To obtain the small amounts of RNA needed for characterization, vaccine remnants were phenol-chloroform extracted using TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen), with intactness assessed by Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer before and after extraction. Although our analysis mainly focused on RNAs obtained as soon as possible following discard, we also analyzed samples which had been refrigerated (~4 ℃) for up to 42 days with and without the addition of EDTA. Interestingly a substantial fraction of the RNA remained intact in these preparations. We note that the formulation of the vaccines includes numerous key chemical components which are quite possibly unstable under these conditions-- so these data certainly do not suggest that the vaccine as a biological agent is stable. But it is of interest that chemical stability of RNA itself is not sufficient to preclude eventual development of vaccines with a much less involved cold-chain storage and transportation. For further analysis, the initial RNAs were fragmented by heating to 94℃, primed with a random hexamer-tailed adaptor, amplified through a template-switch protocol (Takara SMARTerer Stranded RNA-seq kit), and sequenced using a MiSeq instrument (Illumina) with paired end 78-per end sequencing. As a reference material in specific assays, we included RNA of known concentration and sequence (from bacteriophage MS2). From these data, we obtained partial information on strandedness and a set of segments that could be used for assembly. This was particularly useful for the Moderna vaccine, for which the original vaccine RNA sequence was not available at the time our study was carried out. Contigs encoding full-length spikes were assembled from the Moderna and Pfizer datasets. The Pfizer/BioNTech data [Figure 1] verified the reported sequence for that vaccine (https://berthub.eu/articles/posts/reverse-engineering-source-code-of-the-biontech-pfizer-vaccine/), while the Moderna sequence [Figure 2] could not be checked against a published reference. RNA preparations lacking dsRNA are desirable in generating vaccine formulations as these will minimize an otherwise dramatic biological (and nonspecific) response that vertebrates have to double stranded character in RNA (https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2017.243). In the sequence data that we analyzed, we found that the vast majority of reads were from the expected sense strand. In addition, the minority of antisense reads appeared different from sense reads in lacking the characteristic extensions expected from the template switching protocol. Examining only the reads with an evident template switch (as an indicator for strand-of-origin), we observed that both vaccines overwhelmingly yielded sense reads (>99.99%). Independent sequencing assays and other experimental measurements are ongoing and will be needed to determine whether this template-switched sense read fraction in the SmarterSeq protocol indeed represents the actual dsRNA content in the original material. This work provides an initial assessment of two RNAs that are now a part of the human ecosystem and that are likely to appear in numerous other high throughput RNA-seq studies in which a fraction of the individuals may have previously been vaccinated. ProtoAcknowledgements: Thanks to our colleagues for help and suggestions (Nimit Jain, Emily Greenwald, Lamia Wahba, William Wang, Amisha Kumar, Sameer Sundrani, David Lipman, Bijoyita Roy). Figure 1: Spike-encoding contig assembled from BioNTech/Pfizer BNT-162b2 vaccine. Although the full coding region is included, the nature of the methodology used for sequencing and assembly is such that the assembled contig could lack some sequence from the ends of the RNA. Within the assembled sequence, this hypothetical sequence shows a perfect match to the corresponding sequence from documents available online derived from manufacturer communications with the World Health Organization [as reported by https://berthub.eu/articles/posts/reverse-engineering-source-code-of-the-biontech-pfizer-vaccine/]. The 5’ end for the assembly matches the start site noted in these documents, while the read-based assembly lacks an interrupted polyA tail (A30(GCATATGACT)A70) that is expected to be present in the mRNA.

ChristopherBilg

GitHub profile - public markdown

daedalOS

Desktop environment in the browser.

mymoney

mymoney - your personal finance dashboard

phaser-js-dev

Testing the Phaser.io JavaScript game engine

ri2p

Rust implementation of the i2p client/server/router protocols

schedulemaker

project-schedulemaker created by GitHub Classroom

urlcrawler

Crawler made as a side project in Python 3.6.6

ChristopherBilg/ri2p

Rust implementation of the i2p client/server/router protocols

ChristopherBilg/mymoney

mymoney - your personal finance dashboard

ChristopherBilg/schedulemaker

project-schedulemaker created by GitHub Classroom

ChristopherBilg/cfr

An extremely minimal drawing language consisting of only 5 simple commands: C, F, R, [, and ].

ChristopherBilg/chess.js

A TypeScript chess library for chess move generation/validation, piece placement/movement, and check/checkmate/draw detection

ChristopherBilg/christopherbilg.github.io

Chris Bilger, M.C.S. | Portfolio

ChristopherBilg/cl-opensearch-query-builder

Common Lisp implementation of a builder for the OpenSearch query DSL

ChristopherBilg/CyberChef

The Cyber Swiss Army Knife - a web app for encryption, encoding, compression and data analysis

ChristopherBilg/design

Primer Design Guidelines

ChristopherBilg/git

Git Source Code Mirror - This is a publish-only repository and all pull requests are ignored. Please follow Documentation/SubmittingPatches procedure for any of your improvements.

ChristopherBilg/guides

A Guides component that can draw ruler and manage guidelines.

ChristopherBilg/inchat-translate

Public repository for the InChat group project for CIS 4398 - Capstone

ChristopherBilg/infinite-viewer

Infinite Viewer is Document Viewer Component with infinite scrolling.

ChristopherBilg/jsoncanvas

An open file format for infinite canvas data.

ChristopherBilg/LifeEngine

The Life Engine

ChristopherBilg/milligram

A minimalist CSS framework.

ChristopherBilg/moveable

Moveable! Draggable! Resizable! Scalable! Rotatable! Warpable! Pinchable! Groupable! Snappable!

ChristopherBilg/mvp

MVP.css — Minimalist stylesheet for HTML elements

ChristopherBilg/OS.js

OS.js - JavaScript Web Desktop Platform

ChristopherBilg/piston

A high performance general purpose code execution engine.

ChristopherBilg/selecto

Selecto.js is a component that allows you to select elements in the drag area using the mouse or touch.

ChristopherBilg/shadow

<shadow> is a new novel web engine made entirely in JS (mostly) from scratch

ChristopherBilg/soma-notes

A simple, global, low-latency note keeping application

ChristopherBilg/sqlite

Official Git mirror of the SQLite source tree

ChristopherBilg/tank-ops

ChristopherBilg/terraform

Terraform enables you to safely and predictably create, change, and improve infrastructure. It is a source-available tool that codifies APIs into declarative configuration files that can be shared amongst team members, treated as code, edited, reviewed, and versioned.

ChristopherBilg/TiddlyWiki5

A self-contained JavaScript wiki for the browser, Node.js, AWS Lambda etc.

ChristopherBilg/torus

Torus is an event-driven model-view UI framework for the web, focused on being tiny, efficient, and free of dependencies.

ChristopherBilg/wally

The Flash(ing tool)

ChristopherBilg/wired-elements

Collection of custom elements that appear hand drawn. Great for wireframes or a fun look.