Written by Gil Tene of Azul Systems, and released to the public domain as explained at http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0
jHiccup is a non-intrusive instrumentation tool that logs and records platform "hiccups" - including the JVM stalls that often happen when Java applications are executed and/or any OS or hardware platform noise that may cause the running application to not be continuously runnable.
jHiccup can be executed in one of three main ways:
-
It can be run as a Java agent (using:
java -javaagent:jHiccup.jar) -
It can be injected into a running application (using:
jHiccup -p <pid>) -
It can also be run using a convenient wrapper command for your existing Java application (using:
jHiccup java myProg ...)
jHiccup is most often used as a Java agent. This is useful for platforms and environments where a Java agent is simpler to integrate into launch scripts, or in environments where using the bash jHiccup wrapper script is not practical (e.g. Windows, and environments where java is not directly launched from the command line).
jHiccup.jar can be used as a Java agent using the following launch syntax:
% java -javaagent:jHiccup.jar MyProgram
or
% java -javaagent:jHiccup.jar="<options>" MyProgram.jar -a -b -c
You can find the available options for the Java agent mode by running:
% java -javaagent:jHiccup.jar="-h"
Here is a Java agent usage example with explicit parameters:
% java -javaagent:jHiccup.jar="-d 2000 -i 1000 -l hiccuplog -c" MyProgram.jar -a -b -c
This example will record hiccups experienced during the running of MyProgram.jar
in log file hiccuplog, while at the same time recording the hiccups experienced by
a control process running in a separate JVM in the log file c.hiccuplog.
Measurement will start 2 seconds after startup (rather than immediately),
and interval data will be recorded every 1 second (rather than the default 5 seconds).
Useful Java agent related notes:
Note 1: When used as a java agent, jHiccup will treat spaces, commas, and
semicolons as delimiting characters ([ ,;]+). For example, the option string
-d 0 -i 1000 is equivalent to the option string -d,0,-i,1000. This is
useful for environments where placing space delimiters into quoted strings
is difficult or confusing.
Note 2: I find that a common way people add jHiccup as a Java agent is by using
the _JAVA_OPTIONS environment variable. This often allows one to add the jHiccup
Java agent without significant launch script surgery. For example:
export _JAVA_OPTIONS='-javaagent:/path/to/jHiccup/target/jHiccup.jar="-d 20000 -i 1000"'
jHiccup logs hiccup information in a histogram log (see HdrHistogram.org). This histogram log contains a full, high fidelity histogram of all collected results in each interval, in a highly compressed form (typically using only ~200-400 bytes per interval). However, other than the timestamp and maximum hiccup magnitude found in the given interval, the rest of the log line for each interval is not human readable (it is a base64 encoding of a compressed HdrHistogram).
To translate the jHiccup log file to a more human-readable form, the jHiccupLogProcessor utility is provided. In it's simplest form, this utility can be used as such
% jHiccupLogProcessor -i mylog.hlog -o mylog
Which will produce log files mylog and mylog.hgrm containing a human readable
interval log (with selected percentiles in each interval), as well as a human
readable histogram percentile distribution log.
jHiccupLogProcessor can also be used to produce log files for an arbitrary
section of the jHiccup log, by using the optional -start and -end parameters.
See jHiccupLogProcessor -h for more details.
Since jHiccup uses HdrHistogram and produces
HdrHistogram logs, various tools that plot and view histogram logs can be
used to analyze jhiccup data. Some common tools include
HistggramLogAnalyzer
, HdrHistogramVisualizer
, and a javascript-based in-browser histogram log parser
The jHiccup agent can be injected into a live, running Java application if the environment supports the java attach API (which is typically available in java environments running Java SE 6 or later).
$ jHiccup -p
NOTE: In order to attach to a running java application, the running
application needs to have ${JAVA_HOME}/lib/tools.jar in it's classpath.
While this is commonly the case already for many IDE and desktop environments,
and for environments that involve or enable other attachable agents (such as
profilers), you may find that it is not included in your application's
classpath, and that it needs to be added if attaching jHiccup at runtime
is needed (launching jHiccup as a Java agent per the below may be a good
alternative).
In the wrapper script form, all it takes is adding the word "jHiccup" in front of whatever the java invocation command line is.
For example, if your program were normally executed as:
java <Java args> MyProgram -a -b -c
The launch line would become:
jHiccup java <Java args> MyProgram -a -b -c
or, for a program launched with:
/usr/bin/java <Java args> -jar MyProgram.jar -a -b -c
The launch line would become:
jHiccup /usr/bin/java <Java args> -jar MyProgram.jar -a -b -c
or, to override the defaults by making the recording start delay 60 seconds and log to hlog, it would become:
jHiccup -d 60000 -l hlog /usr/bin/java <Java args> -jar MyProgram.jar -a -b -c
The jar file also includes a simple "Idle" class to facilitate sanity checks without an external program. Here is a simple sanity test example: jHiccup with a 4 sec delay on recording start, wrapping an Idle run that does nothing for 30 seconds and exits:
% jHiccup -d 4000 /usr/bin/java org.jhiccup.Idle -t 30000
[Run jHiccup -h, or see comment in jHiccup script for more details.]
The jHiccup command is expected to work and has been tested on the following platforms:
- Various Linux flavors (Tested on RHEL/CentOS 5.x and 6.x)
- Mac OS X (tested on Lion, 10.7)
- Windows with a Cygwin environment installed (tested on Windows 7)
- Solaris (tested on both SPARC and x86)
jHiccup.jar is expected to work as a java agent and has been tested on the following platforms:
- Various Linux flavors (Tested on RHEL/CentOS 5.x and 6.x)
- Mac OS X (tested on Lion, 10.7)
- Windows standard command shell (tested on Windows 7)
- Solaris (tested on both SPARC and x86)
If you use jHiccup on other operating systems and setups, please report back on your experience so that we can expand the list.
It is often useful to compare the hiccup behavior experienced by a running
application with a "control" hiccup level of an idle workload, running on
the same system and at the same time as the observed application. To make
such control measurement convenient, jHiccup supports a -c option that will
launch a concurrently executing "control process" and will separately log
hiccup information of an idle workload running on a separate jvm for the
duration of the instrumented application run. When selected, the control
process log file name will match those used for the launching application,
followed with a .c.
For example:
% jHiccup -l mylog -c /usr/bin/java <Java args> -jar MyProgram.jar -a -b -c
Will produce log file mylog detailing the hiccup behavior during the
execution of MyProgram.jar, as well as a log file c.mylog detailing
the hiccup behavior of an idle workload running on a separate jvm at
the same time.
When a log file name is specified with the -l option, the terms %pid,
%date, and %host will be filled in with the appropriate information.
The default log file name setting is simply hiccup.%date.%pid.
jHiccup's main HiccupMeter class supports a mode -f that will take latency
input from a file instead of recording it. This is useful for producing
jHiccup-style text and graphical output for recorded latency data collected
by some other means.
When provided to the -f option, an input file is expected to contain two
white-space delimited values per line (in either integer or real number format),
representing a time stamp and a measured latency, both in millisecond units.
It's important to note that the default "expected interval between samples"
resolution in jHiccup and HiccupMeter is 1 millisecond. When processing
input files, it is imperative that an appropriate value be supplied to
the -r option, and that this value correctly represent the expected interval
between samples in the provided input file. HiccupMeter will use this
parameter to determine whether additional, artificial values should be added
to the histogram recording, between input samples that are farther apart in
time than the expected interval specified to the -r option. This behavior
corrects for "coordinated omission" situations (where long response times
lead to "skipped" requests that would have typically correlated with "bad"
response times). A "large" value (e.g. -r 100000) can easily be specified
to avoid any correction of this situation.
Example:
% java -jar jHiccup.jar -i 1000 -f inputLatenies -l latencies.hlog
When run in the file injection mode (-f), jHiccup's main HiccupMeter
class supports an optional "fill zeros" (-fz) mode. This mode is
useful for processing input that represent pause events rather than
latencies.
A common use case for this feature is producing hiccup logs from GC logs. GC logs will generally include pause information, which can be parsed out to a "pauses log". jHiccup can takes a "pauses logs" as input
When provided to the -f option, in conjunction with a -fz option, an
input file is expected to contain two white-space delimited values per
line (in either integer or real number format), representing a time stamp
and a measured length of a pause, both in millisecond units.
Example (parsing gc log with +PrintGCTimeStamps):
% java ... -XX:+PrintGCApplicationStoppedTime -XX:+PrintGCTimeStamps -Xloggc:gc.log ...
% awk -F": " '/Total time for which application threads were stopped/ {printf "%4.0f %4.3f\n", $1*1000.0, $3*1000.0;}' gc.log > gcPauses.log
% java -jar jHiccup.jar -i 1000 -f gcPauses.log -fz -l pauses.hlog
Example (with both +PrintGCTimeStamps and +PrintGCDateStamps):
% java ... -XX:+PrintGCApplicationStoppedTime -XX:+PrintGCTimeStamps -XX:+PrintGCDateStamps -Xloggc:gc.log ...
% awk -F": " '/Total time for which application threads were stopped/ {printf "%4.0f %4.3f\n", $2*1000.0, $4*1000.0;}' gc.log > gcPauses.log
% java -jar jHiccup.jar -i 1000 -f gcPauses.log -fz -l pauses.hlog
In Tomcat's catalina.sh script, replace the following line:
exec "$_RUNJAVA" "$LOGGING_CONFIG" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS
with:
exec "$JHICCUP_HOME/jHiccup" "$_RUNJAVA" "$LOGGING_CONFIG" $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS
jHiccup depends on and makes systemic use of HdrHistogram to collected and report on the statistical distribution of hiccups. HdrHistogram sources and documentation can be found on GitHub, at http://hdrhistogram.github.io/HdrHistogram/
jHiccup can be (re)built from source files using Maven:
% mvn package