Ziglings

Welcome to Ziglings! This project contains a series of tiny broken programs (and one nasty surprise). By fixing them, you'll learn how to read and write Zig code.

Those broken programs need your help! (You'll also save the planet from evil aliens and help some friendly elephants stick together, which is very sweet of you.)

This project was directly inspired by the brilliant and fun rustlings project for the Rust language. Indirect inspiration comes from Ruby Koans and the Little LISPer/Little Schemer series of books.

Intended Audience

This will probably be difficult if you've never programmed before. But no specific programming experience is required. And in particular, you are not expected to have any prior experience with "systems programming" or a "systems" level language such as C.

Each exercise is self-contained and self-explained. However, you're encouraged to also check out these Zig language resources for more detail:

Also, the Zig community is incredibly friendly and helpful!

Getting Started

Install a development build of the Zig compiler. (See the "master" section of the downloads page.)

Verify the installation and build number of zig like so:

$ zig version
0.11.0-dev.2401+xxxxxxxxx

Clone this repository with Git:

$ git clone https://github.com/ratfactor/ziglings
$ cd ziglings

Then run zig build and follow the instructions to begin!

$ zig build

A Note About Versions

The Zig language is under very active development. In order to be current, Ziglings tracks development builds of the Zig compiler rather than versioned release builds. The last stable release was 0.10.1, but Ziglings needs a dev build with pre-release version "0.11.0" and a build number at least as high as that shown in the example version check above.

It is likely that you'll download a build which is greater than the minimum.

(For those who cannot easily update Zig, there are also community-supported branches in this repo. At the moment, there's one for v0.8.1. Older version branches may or may not have all exercises and/or bugfixes.)

Once you have a build of the Zig compiler that works with Ziglings, they'll continue to work together. But keep in mind that if you update one, you may need to also update the other.

Also note that the current "stage 1" Zig compiler is very strict about input: no tab characters or Windows CR/LF newlines are allowed.

Version Changes

Version-0.11.0-dev.2401+xxxxxxxxx

2023-02-21 zig 0.11.0-dev.2157 - changes in build system - new: parallel processing of the build steps
2023-02-21 zig 0.11.0-dev.1711 - changes in for loops - new: Multi-Object For-Loops + Struct-of-Arrays
2023-02-12 zig 0.11.0-dev.1638 - changes in std.Build cache_root now returns a directory struct
2023-02-04 zig 0.11.0-dev.1568 - changes in std.Build (combine std.build and std.build.Builder into std.Build)
2023-01-14 zig 0.11.0-dev.1302 - changes in @addWithOverflow (now returns a tuple) and @typeInfo; temporary disabled async functionality
2022-09-09 zig 0.10.0-dev.3978 - change in NativeTargetInfo.detect in build
2022-09-06 zig 0.10.0-dev.3880 - Ex 074 correctly fails again: comptime array len
2022-08-29 zig 0.10.0-dev.3685 - @typeName() output change, stage1 req. for async
2022-07-31 zig 0.10.0-dev.3385 - std lib string fmt() option changes
2022-03-19 zig 0.10.0-dev.1427 - method for getting sentinel of type changed
2021-12-20 zig 0.9.0-dev.2025 - c_void is now anyopaque
2021-06-14 zig 0.9.0-dev.137 - std.build.Id .Custom is now .custom
2021-04-21 zig 0.8.0-dev.1983 - std.fmt.format() any format string required
2021-02-12 zig 0.8.0-dev.1065 - std.fmt.format() s (string) format string required

Advanced Usage

It can be handy to check just a single exercise or start from a single exercise:

zig build -Dn=19
zig build -Dn=19 start

You can also run without checking for correctness:

zig build -Dn=19 test

Or skip the build system entirely and interact directly with the compiler if you're into that sort of thing:

zig run exercises/001_hello.zig

Calling all wizards: To prepare an executable for debugging, install it to zig-cache/bin with:

zig build -Dn=19 install

To get a list of all possible options, run:

zig build -Dn=19 -l

  install                      Install 019_functions2.zig to prefix path
  uninstall                    Uninstall 019_functions2.zig from prefix path
  test                         Run 019_functions2.zig without checking output
  ...

What's Covered

I've decide to limit Ziglings to the core language and not attempt coverage of the Standard Library. Perhaps you can change my mind?

Core Language

Contributing

Contributions are very welcome! I'm writing this to teach myself and to create the learning resource I wished for. There will be tons of room for improvement:

Wording of explanations
Idiomatic usage of Zig
Maybe additional exercises?

Please see CONTRIBUTING.md in this repo for the full details.

Galus/ziglings-2023