This is an offline, desktop PyQt version of the online expression evaluator at https://garland.pythonanywhere.com/. The offline version offers all the features of the online version as well as interactive animated plots, keyboard shortcuts and special character conversion. It can evaluate and simplify various numerical and algebraic expressions, including substitutions, solve polynomial equations and inequalities, solve systems of linear equations, perform symbolic differentiation and numerical integration, handle vector calculus, discrete Fourier transform, numerically solve ordinary differential equations, including boundary value problems, evaluate map iterations and bifurcation diagrams, quickly produce plots of functions (1-D and 2-D, including parametric, vector, complex and polar plots) and produce interactive animated plots. If you have Python3 installed, you can launch it by running the file pycalc.pyw. This requires the installation of packages PyQT, numpy, scipy and matplotlib. If you have the pyinstaller package, you can create an executable version by running install.bat. Examples expressions and commands: Numerical expressions: 3+1-4*2 45+6*32*{4[4-[7^2]]}**3 5!*e^(i*pi) real([4+i]^2), imag[sqrt(i)] (1,3..9)^2 sum(1..10) mul([12,10...2]), mul([1,2,3,5..11]) Fractions: Q(3, 4)+Q(1, 2) Q[1,Q(3, 4)+Q(1, 2)] Q(1,6)/Q(1,2) Q[Q(1,6),Q(1,2)] Long division: 3x+2x**2+5+4x**4:x+1 Factorization, greatest common divisor and lowest common multiple: decomp(12366) decomp(x^4 + 6x^3 + 11x^2 + 6x) parents(24) parents(24,2) parents(x^3 - 6x^2 + 11x - 6) gcd(60,90,450) lcm(60,90,450) Algebraic and general expressions: (x+2)^2/(x+2)*(x-4)**2 ### x+1 (### x+1) - {[(x+1)^2]^2}^2 sin(pi x)exp(-x^2)e*y^2*tanh(AnyVariable)^3 |AnyVariable (sum{(-1)^(k)*x^(2k+1)/(2k+1)! |k=0..n} |n:=0..4), sin(x) from -pi to pi Algebraic equations and inequalities in one variable: 12x+2=30 (x+3)/5=(x-4)/2 x^5+3x^2=7x-4 x**8=1 x^4 - 10x^3 + 35x^2 - 50x >=-24 Systems of linear equations: 3x+2y-z=5;2x+y+z=6;x+y+z=7 x+y=5;2x+2y=10 2x+y=5;3x+y=7;4x+y=1 Evaluation of general expressions: xy*tan(z) where x=4;z=7 x^2sin(y) |y=pi/2;x=1,3...9 f(x) |f->sin,cos,tan,atan;x=(0,pi/6,pi/4,pi/3,pi/2) x^2 where x=sin(y) where y=cos(z) x^2 | x=sin(y) | y=cos(z) exp(-x)' | x=4 sum([x^2 where x=1,3..11]) mul([x^2 where x=2,4..10]) Ordinary and special functions:sin(x), cos(x), tan(x),asin(x), exp(x), ln(e),log(10),cosh(x),atanh(x) |x=pi/6 sin(pi/[1,2,3,4,6]) sqrt(-1),asin(10),ln(-1) sqrt(-1+0i),asin(10+0i),ln(-1+0i) gammafunc(4.5),erf(x),erfc(x),betafunc(4,2), J1(n, x), J2(n, x) | n=0;x=pi/6 Custom functions: f(2,4) where f(x,y):=x*y^2 f(x,g(x)) where f(x,y):=xy and g(x):=sin(x) sin(x),usin(x) where usin(x):=max(0,sin(x)) from 0 to 8pi f(x,g(x))|f(x,y):=xy;g(x):=sin(x) f(x)' |f(x):=sin(x^2),xexp(-x) q(xy) |q(a):=grad(3a^2),rot(0,0,a) A few combinatoric and statistical functions: (choose(n,k) |k=0..n) |n=0..5 sum(choose(n,k) |k=0..n) |n=0..8 {binom(p,n,k) where p=0.7;k:=0..n} where n=50 poisson(k,λ) |λ=35;k=0..50 normal(x, μ, σ) |μ=10;σ=1 from 5 to 15 lognormal(x, μ, σ) |μ=1;σ=1 from 0.1 to 10 gammadist(x, α, β) |α=10..30;β=1/2 from 0 to 100 betadist(x, α, β) |α=5;β=1..20 from 0 to 1 MB(v, T, M) |T=273.15;M=29 from 0 to 1500 BT(rate,sensitivity,specificity) |rate=0.15;sensitivity=0.85;specificity=0.9 Ordinary and partial derivatives: sin(cos(x))', (xy^2z^3)_x , (xy^2z^3)_(x,y,z,z) a^x' der[sin(x)cos(xy),x,y] Vector calculus: dot([a, b], [x, y]) [a, b]*[x, y] [a, b]_1*[x, y]_2 grad(xy) (y,x^2,z^2x)_x rot{cross[(y, x, z), (x^2, z^3, y^4)]} |y=1 matmul(R,v) |R={[cos(f),sin(f)],[-sin(f),cos(f)]} where f=pi/4 ;v=(x,y) Discrete Fourier Transform: FT([1,2,3,4,5]) FT(exp(2πn/20) |n=1..20) FT(exp(2πin/20) |n=1..20) FT(1 |n=1..20) IFT(FT([1,2,3,4,5])) 1-D ordinary and polar plots: x, x^2, x^3 x', x^2', x^3' data sin(t) style . pden 100 exp(it) J1(k, x) |k=1..5 from 0,-1 to 20,1 binom(p, n, k) |n=20, k=12 from 0 to 1 grid on (x/a)^2+(y/b)**2=1 |a=0.5;b=0.25 sin(4f) sqrt(cos(2x)) polar pden 20000 1-D parametric plots: (8sin[7t], 3cos[12t]) (sin(t)sqrt{abs[cos(t)]}/[sin(t)+7/5]-2sin(t)+2,t+npi/2) |n=1..4 polar legend off (sin(2t)^2,cos(9t)+npi/2) |n=0...3 polar ([b(k-1)]sin(t)-bsin[t(k-1)],[b(k-1)]cos(t)+bcos[t(k-1)]) |b=2;k=0.5,2.5,5 from -6pi to 6pi 2-D plots of functions, vector fields and complex functions: sin(kxy) |k=1,5..20 grad(sin(xy)) from -pi to pi ∇ sin(xy) from -π to π grad(sin(xy)) from (-pi,-2pi) to (pi,2pi) (xy,xy^2,xsin(y)^2,cos(xy)) slice 2,4 (r, f) (x+iy+0.5i)*(x+iy-0.4-0.5i) cont 50 sqrt[(x+iy+0.5)*(x+iy-0.5+0.1i)] cont 0 sqrt[(x+iy+0.5)*(x+iy-0.5+0.1i)] cont 50 reim 3exp(idot(k,x)) |k=(1,4);x=(x,y) reim Radiation patterns: matmul((-1)^a*r*f+a*f*r,r)/norm(r)^2|a=0,1;f:=(1,0);r:=(x,y) matmul((-1)^a*r*r/norm(r)^2+a*Id(3),matmul(s*n+n*s,r))/norm(r) |a=0,1; s:=(1,0,0);n:=(0,0,1);r:=(x,y,z);y=0 slice 1,3 matmul{(3r*p-p*r),r}/norm(r)^2 |p:=(0,1);r:=(x,y) Systems of ordinary differential equations, numerical integration: ode(-y,k) |k=1..10 |k=1..10 ode([dx,dy,0,-g],[0,0,vy,31]) |g=9.8;vy=0,2..10 ode(t^n,0) |n=1..5 t0=0 t1=1 Boundary value problems: bvp([dx,dy,0,-10],[0,0,end,end]) |end=10,20..50 bvp([dx,dy,0,-10],[(1,0,0),(2,0,0),(1,1,xend),(4,1,vend)]) |xend=10;vend=20,10..-20 Iterated maps, bifurcation diagrams: map(-x/1.04,init) |init=1,2,3 tden 120 map(BT(x,0.7,0.5),0.2) data map([1+u{xcos(t)-ysin(t)},u{xsin(t)+ycos(t)}],[0.9,0.9]) |u=0.9;t=0.4-6/(1+x**2+y**2) tden 2000 map(0.4+0.2i+zexp(kiabs(z)**2),0.2+0.2i) |k=5.1 tden 1000 bifurc[(x,ry(1-y)),(r,0.4)] |r=0,0.005..4 tden=500 Some formulas and simplifications: simp(expr) |expr->sqrt(x)^2,sin(2x),cosh(2x),xsin(x)^2+xcos(x)^2+sinh(x)^2-cosh(x)^2,tan(2x),sinh(2x),exp(ln(x)),simp(exp(ix)) All parentheses are interchangable, but must be consistent. For example, both {(x+y)*z)} and ({x+y}*z) are valid and equivalent. However, [{(x+y)*z]} is invalid, because the parentheses are not matching. You can use "\" before certain expressions to convert them to special symbols. For example, writing "\sqrt" and pressing "space" converts "\sqrt" to "√[]". As another example, "\nabla"+"space" and "\dot"+"space" yields "∇·", which you can use to calculate the divergence of a vector field. You can also use this to convert Greek letters to their respective symbols (e.g. "\alpha" -> α) The "|" and "where" symbols are equivalent, they are used to manipulate the expression to their left according to assignments to their right. They can be used inside expressions and nested, their scope is limited by the first enclosing pair of parenthesses. The assignments are performed with the operators "=",":=" and "->". Even though these operators are often interchangable in practice, their functions differ. The "=" operator evaluates the expression at the very end of the calculation, e.g. "x^2' |x=1" first calculates the derivative "2x" of the function "x^2" and then evaluates the result at x=1, yielding 2. In contrast, the ":=" operator first assigns the value and then evaluates the expression, so that "x^2' |x:=1" returns 1^2'=0. The := operator (and only that operator) also allows defining custom functions. For example: "lorentz(0.5,1)*lorentz(0.2,1) | lorentz(v,c):=sqrt(1-v^2/c^2)". Finally, the operator "->" simply replaces all instances of the string to its left with the string to its right, without evaluating it. For example, "fn(x)fnh(x) |f->si" is the same as writing "sin(x)sinh(x)". Unless you specifically want to evaluate functions at particular points, I recommend using the ":=" operator. There is a slight difference between the expressions "4,5,6" and "(4,5,6)". The former is to be understood simply as a sequence of separate expressions, while the latter is more akin to a mathematical vector, with the components representing a single entity. For example, asking the parser to plot "t^2,t^3" produces plots of two separate functions of t, while "(t^2,t^3)" produces a parametric curve with the left and right expression representing its x and y coordinates, respectively. Similarly, "xy,sin(xy)" produces two 2-D plots while "(xy,sin(xy)" produces a single plot of a 2-D vector field. The expression "dot(x,y) |x=(1,2);y=(2,4)" behaves as expected, but with "dot(x,y) |x=1,2;y=2,4" the parser tries to evaluate dot(1,2),dot(1,4),dot(2,2),dot(2,4) and so fails, because the arguments are not vectors. The expresssion 1,3..10 stands for "1,3,5,7,9". The corresponding decreasing sequence is "9,7..1". If you want to create a vector instead, use the function V, e.g. "V(1,3..10)". You can naturally chain the .. list creator with regular list enumeration: "(n,n^2)|n=1,2,4,7,9..15,25" produces "( 1 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 4 ) , ( 4 , 16 ) , ( 7 , 49 ) , ( 9 , 81 ) , ( 11 , 121 ) , ( 13 , 169 ) , ( 15 , 225 ) , ( 25 , 625 )". One-letter symbols such as x and y which are not reserved by the parser (i.e. not i,e,π,+,*, etc.) are automatically converted to variables. For variables with longer names, you need to include the name after the substitution symbols "|" or "where". For example, "var*var | var" is the square of the variable "var", while "var*var" is equivalent to the product of the squares of the three variables "v", "a" and "r". To save an expression for later use, you can use the (greedy) operator "<--". For example, "res <-- cos(x), sin(y)" saves the sequence "cos(x), sin(y)" to the variable "res". You can later recover "res" by evaluating it without arguments ("res") or you can directly evaluate it at a particular point ("res | x=0;y=pi/2"). You can also save function definitions. For example, the following expression binds the Lorentz transformation of the event (x,t) with speed v and light-speed c=1 to the function LT: "LT(x,t,v) <-- f(x,t,v,1) where f(x,t,v,c):= { [(x-vt)/gamma(v,c),(t-vx/c^2)/gamma(v,c)] | gamma(v,c):=sqrt(1-v^2/c^2) }". You can then use LT(x,t,v) in expressions, e.g. "plot path, LT(path_1,path_2,0.5) where path:=(0.01t^2,t)". To plot a function (e.g. sin(x) ), you can either write "plot sin(x)", or you can write "sin(x)" and press ctrl+p or click the "Plot" button. You can plot multiple functions by using commas, e.g. plot x,x^2,x^3 To specify the limits (e.g. from 0 to 2π), write "from 0 to 2pi" to the end of the command. You can also press "ctrl+f" to produce the "from" and move the cursor right behind it. Similarly, press "ctrl+t" to produce the "to". To plot a function of two variables (e.g. sin(xy)), you can either write "plot2 sin(xy)", or write "sin(xy)" and press ctrl+i or click the "2D plot" button. If "x" is present, it will be placed on the horizontal axis, if "y" is present, it will be put on the vertical axis. Otherwise, the variable with the lower (higher) rank in the alphabet will be put on the horiontal (vertical) axis. If the function is complex, e.g., (x^2+ixy), the plots of its magnitude and phase will be produced. If you want to see the real and imaginary part instead, add "reim" to the end of the target expression (e.g., (x^2+ixy reim)). If the expression is a vector field of two variables, e.g., (x,y^2), it will be visualised with the arrows showing direction and colors showing magnitude. If it is a 2-D vector field of one variable (e.g. [cos(t),sin(t)] ), using the "plot" command (or "ctrl+p") produces a para- metric plot (circle in this case), while using the "plot2" command (or "ctrl+i") produces a 2-D vector field, assuming that the variable represents the x-coordinate. If you use variable names such as "r", or "φ", a polar plot will be produced. You can turn this off by using the modifier "polar off". Conversely, you can convert any plot to a polar plot by writing "polar on". If you want to animate a function, add anim to the end of the expression to be plotted. For example, you can write "plot sin(tx) anim", or write "sin(tx) anim" and press ctrl+p. This also works for functions of three variables, e.g. writing "sin(txy) anim" and pressing ctrl+p produces a 2-D animation. If "t" is not included in the expression, it is always assumed that the time coordinate corresponds to the variable with the lowest rank in the alphabet. To control the animation speed, use arrows, to pause the animation, press "space" or left-click the expression. Right-clicking the expression reverses the flow of time. To limit the time variable from 0 to 10, you can add "t0=0 t1=10". If you want one second of real time to correspond to one second of the mathematical time, add the modifier "realtime" (e.g., the animation "sin(t) t0=0 t1=10 realtime" would last 10 s). If, instead of viewing the plot in the pop-up window, you want to save a plot into a .png file, add the "save" modifier. If you want to save the plot data into a text file, add the "data" modifier. All files will be saved into the folder "SavedResults". The list of all modifiers that can be added to the right of the expression and sent to the plotter is (without the quotes): "from","to","style","pden","grid","polar","cont","anim","equal","save","realtime","t0","t1","tden","slice","reim","legend","data","scale","loglog","hlines","vlines" Each modifier accepts an additional expression or keyword, typically "on" or "off". For modifiers that accept "on" or "off", omitting the keyword is the same as setting the modifier to "on" (e.g., "grid" is the same as "grid on"). "from 7 to 12" sets limits to the x-axis. "from 5,7 to e*pi^2,12" sets the limit of the x-axis to (5,e*pi^2) and limits of the y-axis to (7,12). "style arg" passes the arg argument as a format string to the pyplot plot (see the "Notes" section at https://matplotlib.org/stable/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html). E.g. "r--" makes all graphs red and dashed. "pden number" sets the number of points in the graph. For example, a graph produced with pden 10 would consist of ten points. "grid on/off" toggles the coordinate grid /default: off, except for graphs of polynomials "polar on/off" toggles polar plot mode. /default: off, except for variables names "f","fi","φ","Φ","α","β","γ" and "θ" (note that you can write Greek letters by writing, e.g., \gamma and pressing "space"). "cont on/off" toggles contures in 2-D plots. "cont number" can be used to modify the contour density (higher number means greater number of contures) "anim on/off" toggles animations. For functions of one variable, "anim point" displays, for each time t, only the leading point (t,f(t)). "equal on" forces same units on both axes, "equal off" rescales the u so that the plot is always a square /default: off< "save" saves the plot in the folder "SavedResults" /default: off "realtime" makes one second of real time correspond to one second of the mathematical time "t0 0 t1 1" or "t0=0 t1=1" limits the time variable from 0 to 1 and toggles on animation (you don't have to add the "anim" modifier). "tden number" sets the number of time steps in animations "slice 1,2" allows plotting 3-D and higher dimensional vector fields. For example, plot (x,y^2,y^3,xy^4) slice 1,4 shows the vector field (x,xy^4). For solutions of ODEs, it can also be used to plots various pairs of variables (e.g. time vs x-coordinate, x-coordinate vs y-coordinate, etc.) #TODO: Better explanation needed "reim on/off" toggles showing the real and imaginary part for complex functions. By default, modulus and phase are shown. /default: off "legend on/off" toggles the plot labels /default: on "data" saves the plot data in the folder "SavedResults" "scale on/off" toggles rescaling of all values to lie between 0 and 1 (so that, e.g. y=x and y=10^15*x are mapped to the same graph). /default: off "loglog on/off" toggles the logarithmic scale /default: off "hlines 7,8" plots two horizontal lines at y=7 and y=8, "vlines e" plots a vertical line at x=e. "avar var" turns on animations and specifies that "var" corresonds to the time variable. For example, "tsin(x) avar x" produces an animation with the time variable corresponding to x.