Hoplite

Hoplite is a Kotlin library for loading configuration files into typesafe classes in a boilerplate-free way. Define your config using Kotlin data classes, and at startup Hoplite will read from one or more config files, mapping the values in those files into your config classes. Any missing values, or values that cannot be converted into the required type will cause the config to fail with detailed error messages.

Features

Multiple formats: Write your configuration in several formats: Yaml, JSON, Toml, Hocon, or Java .properties files or even mix and match formats in the same system.
Property Sources: Per-system overrides are possible from JVM system properties, environment variables, JDNI or a per-user local config file.
Batteries included: Support for many standard types such as primitives, enums, dates, collection types, inline classes, uuids, nullable types, as well as popular Kotlin third party library types such as NonEmptyList, Option and TupleX from Arrow.
Custom Data Types: The Decoder interface makes it easy to add support for your custom domain types or standard library types not covered out of the box.
Cascading: Config files can be stacked. Start with a default file and then layer new configurations on top. When resolving config, lookup of values falls through to the first file that contains a definition. Can be used to have a default config file and then an environment specific file.
Beautiful errors: Fail fast when the config objects are built, with detailed and beautiful errors showing exactly what went wrong and where.

Getting Started

Add Hoplite to your build:

implementation 'com.sksamuel.hoplite:hoplite-core:<version>'

You will also need to include a module for the format(s) you to use.

Next define the data classes that are going to contain the config. You should create a top level class which can be named simply Config, or ProjectNameConfig. This class then defines a field for each config value you need. It can include nested data classes for grouping together related configs.

For example, if we had a project that needed database config, config for an embedded HTTP server, and a field which contained which environment we were running in (staging, QA, production etc), then we may define our classes like this:

data class Database(val host: String, val port: Int, val user: String, val pass: String)
data class Server(val port: Int, val redirectUrl: String)
data class Config(val env: String, val database: Database, val server: Server)

For our staging environment, we may create a YAML (or Json, etc) file called application-staging.yaml:

env: staging

database:
  host: staging.wibble.com
  port: 3306
  user: theboss
  pass: 0123abcd

server:
  port: 8080
  redirectUrl: /404.html

Finally, to build an instance of Config from this file, and assuming the config file was on the classpath, we can simply execute:

val config = ConfigLoader().loadConfigOrThrow<Config>("/application-staging.yaml")

If the values in the config file are compatible, then an instance of Config will be returned. Otherwise an exception will be thrown containing details of the errors.

Config Loader

As you have seen from the getting started guide, ConfigLoader is the entry point to using Hoplite. Create an instance of this and then you can load config into your data classes from resources on the classpath, java.io.File, java.nio.Path, or URLS.

There are two ways to use the config loader. One is to throw an exception if the config could not be resolved via the loadConfigOrThrow<T> function. Another is to return an arrow.data.Validated via the loadConfig<T> function.

For most cases, when you are resolving config at application startup, the exception based approach is better. This is because you typically want any errors in config to abort application bootstrapping, dumping errors to the console.

Beautiful Errors

When an error does occur, if you choose to throw an exception, the errors will be formatted in a human readable way along with as much location information as possible. No more trying to track down a NumberFormatException in a 400 line config file.

Here is an example of the error formatting for a test file used by the unit tests.

Error loading config because:

    - Could not instantiate 'com.sksamuel.hoplite.json.Foo' because:

        - 'wrongType': Required type Boolean could not be decoded from a Long (/error1.json:2:19)

        - 'whereAmI': Missing from config

        - 'notnull': Type defined as not-null but null was loaded from config (/error1.json:6:18)

        - 'season': Required a value for the Enum type com.sksamuel.hoplite.json.Season but given value was Fun (/error1.json:8:18)

        - 'notalist': Defined as a List but a Boolean cannot be converted to a collection (/error1.json:3:19)

        - 'duration': Required type java.time.Duration could not be decoded from a String (/error1.json:7:26)

        - 'nested': - Could not instantiate 'com.sksamuel.hoplite.json.Wibble' because:

            - 'a': Required type java.time.LocalDateTime could not be decoded from a String (/error1.json:10:17)

            - 'b': Unable to locate a decoder for java.time.LocalTime

Supported Formats

Hoplite supports config files in several formats. You can mix and match formats if you really want to. For each format you wish to use, you must include the appropriate hoplite module on your classpath. The format that hoplite uses to parse a file is determined by the file extension.

Format	Module	File Extensions
Json	`hoplite-json`	.json
Yaml	`hoplite-yaml`	.yml, .yaml
Toml	`hoplite-toml`	.toml
Hocon	`hoplite-hocon`	.conf
Java Properties files	`hoplite-props`	.props, .properties

If you wish to add another format you can extend Parser and provide an instance of that implementation to the ConfigLoader via withFileExtensionMapping.

That same function can be used to map non-default file extensions to an existing parser. For example, if you wish to have your config in files called application.data but in yaml format, then you can register .data with the Yaml parser like this:

ConfigLoader().withFileExtensionMapping("data", YamlParser)

Property Sources

The PropertySource interface is how Hoplite reads configuration values. Hoplite supports several built in property source implementations, and you can write your own if required.

Typically your config resides in files, and so the ConfigFilePropertySource is used for file / resource based config.

This is the list of built in property sources, and the order is from top to bottom. Configuration values in a higher priority source take precedence over those in lower sources.

Property Source Implementation	Description
`EnvironmentVariablesPropertySource`	Reads config from environment variables. Provides no case mappings, so `HOSTNAME` does not override hostname. For nested config, use a period to seperate keys, for example `topic.name` would override `name` located in a `topic` parent. Alternatively, in some environments a `.` is not supported in ENV names, so you can also use double underscore `__`. Eg `topic__name` would override name in a Topic object.
`SystemPropertiesPropertySource`	Provides config through system properties that are prefixed with `config.override.`. For example, starting your JVM with `-Dconfig.override.database.name` would override a config key of `database.name` residing in a file.
`UserSettingsPropertySource`	Provides config through a config file defined at ~/.userconfig.[ext] where ext is one of the supported formats.
`ConfigFilePropertySource`	Reads config from files in several formats based on the file extension. Paths or resource names are supplied to the `ConfigLoader` as the config is built.

By default a file must exist if specified, but this can be relaxed by specifying a ConfigFilePropertySource with optional equal to true:

ConfigLoader()
  .withPropertySource(ConfigFilePropertySource.optionalResource("/missing.yml"))
  .loadConfig<MyConfig>("/basic.yml")

Cascading Config

Hoplite has the concept of cascading or layered or fallback config. This means you can pass more than one config file to the ConfigLoader. When the config is resolved into Kotlin classes, a lookup will cascade or fall through one file to another in the order they were passed to the loader, until the first file that defines that key.

For example, if you had the following two files in yaml:

application.yaml:

elasticsearch:
  port: 9200
  clusterName: product-search

application-prod.yaml:

elasticsearch:
  host: production-elasticsearch.mycompany.internal
  port: 9202

And both were passed to the ConfigLoader like this: ConfigLoader().loadConfigOrThrow<Config>("/application-prod.yaml", "/application.yaml"), then lookups will be attempted in the order the files were declared. So in this case, the config would be resolved like this:

elasticsearch.port = 9202 // the value in application-prod.yaml takes priority over the value in application.yaml
elasticsearch.host = production-elasticsearch.mycompany.internal
elasitcsearch.clusterName = product-search // not defined in application-prod.yaml so falls through to application.yaml

Let's see a more complicated example. In JSON this time.

default.json

{
  "a": "alice",
  "b": {
    "c": true,
    "d": 123
  },
  "e": [
    {
      "x": 1,
      "y": true
    },
    {
      "x": 2,
      "y": false
    }
  ],
  "f": "Fall"
}

prod.json

{
  "a": "bob",
  "b": {
    "d": 999
  },
  "e": [
    {
      "y": true
    }
  ]
}

And we will parse the above config files into these data classes:

enum class Season { Fall, Winter, Spring, Summer }
data class Foo(val c: Boolean, val d: Int)
data class Bar(val x: Int?, val y: Boolean)
data class Config(val a: String, val b: Foo, val e: List<Bar>, val f: Season)

val config = ConfigLoader.load("prod.json", "default.json")
println(config)

The resolution rules are as follows:

"a" is present in both files and so is resolved from the first file - which was "prod.json"
"b" is present in both files and therefore resolved from the file file as well
"c" is a nested value of "b" and is not present in the first file so is resolved from the second file "default.json"
"d" is a nested value of "b" present in both files and therefore resolved from the first file
"e" is present in both files and so the entire list is resolved from the first file. This means that the list only contains a single element, and x is null despite being present in the list in the first file. List's cannot be merged.
"f" is only present in the second file and so is resolved from the second file.

Decoders

Hoplite converts the raw value in config files to JDK types using instances of the Decoder interface. There are built in decoders for all the standard day to day types, such as primitives, dates, lists, sets, maps, enums, arrow types and so on. The full list is below:

JDK Type	Conversion Notes
`String`
`Long`
`Int`
`Short`
`Byte`
`Boolean`	Creates a Boolean from the following values: `"true"`, `"t"`, `"1"`, `"yes"` map to `true` and `"false"`, `"f"`, `"0"`, `"no"` map to `false`
`Double`
`Float`
`Enums`	Java and Kotlin enums are both supported. An instance of the defined Enum class will be created with the constant value given in config.
`LocalDateTime`
`LocalDate`
`LocalTime`
`Duration`	Converts a String into a Duration, where the string uses a value and unit such as "10 seconds" or "5m". The set of units supported is the same as here. Also supports a long value which will be interpreted as a Duration of milliseconds.
`Instant`	Creates an instance of `Instant` from an offset from the unix epoc in milliseconds.
`Year`	Creates an instance of `Year` from a String in the format `2007`
`YearMonth`	Creates an instance of `YearMonth` from a String in the format `2007-12`
`MonthDay`	Creates an instance of `MonthDay` from a String in the format `08-18`
`java.util.Date`
`Regex`	Creates a `kotlin.text.Regex` from a regex compatible string
`UUID`	Creates a `java.util.UUID` from a String
`List<A>`	Creates a List from either an array or a string delimited by commas.
`Set<A>`	Creates a Set from either an array or a string delimited by commas.
`SortedSet<A>`	Creates a SortedSet from either an array or a string delimited by commas.
`Map<K,V>`
`LinkedHashMap<K,V>`	A Map that mains the order defined in config
`arrow.data.NonEmptyList<A>`	Converts arrays into a `NonEmptyList<A>` if the array is non empty. If the array is empty then an error is raised.
`X500Principal`	Creates an instance of `X500Principal` for String values
`KerberosPrincipal`	Creates an instance of `KerberosPrincipal` for String values
`JMXPrincipal`	Creates an instance of `JMXPrincipal` for String values
`Principal`	Creates an instance of `BasicPrincipal` for String values
`File`	Creates a java.io.File from a String path
`Path`	Creates a java.nio.Path from a String path
`BigDecimal`	Converts from a String, Long, Int, Double, or Float into a BigDecimal
`BigInteger`	Converts from a String, Long or Int into a BigInteger.
`arrow.core.Option<A>`	A `None` is used for null or undefined values, and present values are converted to a `Some<A>`
`arrow.core.Tuple2<A,B>`	Converts an array of two elements into an instance of `Tuple2<A,B>`. Will fail if the array does not have exactly two elements.
`arrow.core.Tuple3<A,B,C>`	Converts an array of three elements into an instance of `Tuple3<A,B,C>`. Will fail if the array does not have exactly three elements.
`arrow.core.Tuple4<A,B,C,D>`	Converts an array of four elements into an instance of `Tuple4<A,B,C,D>`. Will fail if the array does not have exactly four elements.
`arrow.core.Tuple5<A,B,C,D,E>`	Converts an array of five elements into an instance of `Tuple5<A,B,C,D,E>`. Will fail if the array does not have exactly five elements.
`Pair<A,B>`	Converts from an array of three two into an instance of `Pair<A,B>`. Will fail if the array does not have exactly two elements.
`Triple<A,B,C>`	Converts from an array of three elements into an instance of `Triple<A,B,C>`. Will fail if the array does not have exactly three elements.

Preprocessors

Hoplite supports what it calls preprocessors. These are just functions that are applied to every value as they are read from the underlying config file. The preprocessor is able to transform the value (or return the input - aka identity function) depending on the logic of that preprocessor.

For example, a preprocessor may choose to perform environment variable substitution, configure default values, perform database lookups, or whatever other custom action you need when the config is being resolved.

You can add custom pre-processors in addition to the built in ones, by using the function withPreprocessor on the ConfigLoader class, and passing in an instance of the Preprocessor interface. A typical use case of a custom preprocessor is to lookup some values in a database, or from a third party secrets store such as Vault or Amazon Parameter Store. One way this can be implemented is to have a prefix, and then use a preprocessor to look for the prefix in strings, and if the prefix is present, use the rest of the string as a key to the service.

For example

database:
  user: root
  password: vault:/my/key/path

Built-in Preprocessors

These built-in preprocessors are registered automatically.

Preprocessor	Function
EnvVar Preprocessor	Replaces any strings of the form ${VAR} with the environment variable $VAR if defined. These replacement strings can occur between other strings. For example `foo: hello ${USERNAME}!` would result in foo being assigned the value `hello Sam!` assuming the env var `USERNAME` was set to `SAM`. Also the expressions can have default values using the usual bash expression style syntax `foo: hello ${USERNAME:-fallback}!`
System Property Preprocessor	Replaces any strings of the form ${VAR} with the system property $VAR if defined. These replacement strings can occur between other strings. For example `debug: ${DEBUG}` would result in debug being assigned the value `true` assuming the application had been started with `-Ddebug=true`
Random Preprocessor	Inserts random strings into the config. See the section on Random Preprocessor for syntax.
Props File Preprocessor	Replaces any strings of the form ${key} with the value of the key in a provided `java.util.Properties` file. The file can be specified by a `Path` or a resource on the classpath.
AWS Parameter Store Preprocessor	Replaces strings of the form ${ssm:key} by looking up the value of key from the AWS parameter store. This preprocessor requires the `hoplite-aws` module to be added to the classpath.

Random Preprocessor

The random preprocessor replaces placeholder strings with random values.

Placeholder	Generated random value
${random.int}	A random int
${random.int(k)}	A positive random int between 0 and k
${random.int(k, j)}	A random int between k and j
${random.double}	A random double
${random.boolean	A random boolean
${random.string(k)}	A random alphanumeric string of length k
${random.uuid}	A randomly generated type 4 UUID

For example:

my.number=${random.int}
my.bignumber=${random.long}
my.uuid=${random.uuid}
my.number.less.than.ten=${random.int(10)}
my.number.in.range=${random.int[1024,65536]}

Masked values

It is quite common to output the resolved config at startup for reference when debugging. In this case, the default toString generated by Kotlin's data classes is very useful. However configuration typically includes sensitive information such as passwords or keys which normally you would not want to appear in logs.

To avoid sensitive fields appearing in the log output, Hoplite provides a built in type called Masked which is a wrapper around a String. By declaring a field to have this type, the value will still be loaded from configuration files, but will not be included in the generated toString.

For example, you may define a config class like this:

data class Database(val host: String, val user: String, val password: Masked)

And corresponding json config:

{
  "host": "localhost",
  "user": "root",
  "password": "letmein"
}

And then the output of the Database config class via toString would be Database(host=localhost, user=root, password=****)

Note: The masking effect only happens if you use toString. If you marshall your config to a String using a reflection based tool like Jackson, it will still be able to see the underlying value. In these cases, you would need to register a custom serializer. For the Jackson project, a HopliteModule object is available in the hoplite-json module. Register this with your Jackson mapper, like mapper.registerModule(HopliteModule) and then Masked values will be ouputted into Json as "****"

Inline Classes

Some developers, this writer included, like to have strong types wrapping simple values. For example, a Port object rather than an Int. This helps to alleviate Stringy typed development. Kotlin has support for what it calls inline classes which fulfil this need.

Hoplite directly supports inline classes. When using inline classes, you don't need to nest config keys.

For example, given the following config classes:

inline class Port(val value: Int)
inline class Hostname(val value: String)
data class Database(val port: Port, val host: Hostname)

And then this config file:

port: 9200
host: locahost

We can parse directly:

val config = ConfigLoader().loadConfigOrThrow<Database>()
println(config.port) // Port(9200)
println(config.host) // Hostname("localhost")

Sealed Classes (New in 1.1)

Hoplite will support sealed classes where it is able to match up the available config keys with the parameters of one of the implementations. For example, lets create a a config hierarchy as implementations of a sealed class.

sealed class Database {
  data class Elasticsearch(val host: String, val port: Int, val index: String) : Database()
  data class Postgres(val host: String, val port: Int, val schema: String, val table: String) : Database()
}

data class TestConfig(val databases: List<Database>)

For the above implementations, if hoplite encountered a host, port, and index then it would be clear that it should instantiate an Elasticsearch instance. Similarly, if the config keys were host, port, schema, and table, then the Postgres implementation should be used. If the keys don't match an implementation, the config loader would fail. If keys match multiple implementations then the first match is taken.

For example, the following yaml config file could be used:

databases:
  - host: localhost
    port: 9200
    index: foo
  - host: localhost
    port: 9300
    index: bar
  - host: localhost
    port: 5234
    schema: public
    table: faz

And the output would be:

TestConfig(
  databases=[
    Elasticsearch(host=localhost, port=9200, index=foo),
    Elasticsearch(host=localhost, port=9300, index=bar),
    Postgres(host=localhost, port=5234, schema=public, table=faz)
  ]
)

Add on Modules

Hoplite makes available several other modules that add functionality outside of the main core module. They are in seperate modules because they bring in dependencies from those projects and so the modules are optional.

Module	Function
hoplite-aws	Provides decoder for aws `Region` and a preprocessor for Amazon's parameter store
hoplite-arrow	Provides decoders for common arrow types
hoplite-hdfs	Provides decoder for hadoop `Path`
hoplite-ktor	Adaptor from `ConfigLoader` into Ktor `ApplicationConfig`

License

This software is licensed under the Apache 2 license, quoted below.

Copyright 2019 Stephen Samuel

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
the License.

Globegitter/hoplite