/Tkinter-az

Tkinter Azərbaycanca

MIT LicenseMIT

Haqqında -- TEZLİKLƏ

forthebadge made-with-python

Tkinter Python üçün yaradılmış standart GUİ (Grafik İstifadəçi interfeysi) paketidir.

Əgər bu kontent işinizə yaradısa və ya bəyəndinizsə 📖, dəstək olmaq üçün bunlardan birini etməyiniz kifayətdir 👍| ⭐| 👏

Mövzular

Giriş

tkk widgetləri

Digər tkinter widgetləri

Standart-parametrlər

Widgetlərə keçməzdən öncə gəlin onların ölçüləri, rəngləri, font tipləri kimi ümumi parametrləri ilə tanış olaq.

Hər widgetin öz görünüş və davranışlarını xarakterizə edən font, color, size, text, label və.s. kimi parametrləri mövcuddur.

Parametrləri təyin etmək üçün widgetin constructorunda onu cağırmaq və dəyərini vermək lazımdır. Məsələn: Button(window, text='Ok', fg='Blue').

Widget yaradıldıqdan sonra onun hər hansı parametrini daha sonra dəyişmək lazım gələrsə .config() metodundan istifadə edilir.

Həmçinin yaradılmış widgetin hər hansı parametrinin dəyərini göstərmək üçün .cget() metdonundan istifadə edilir.

Ölçülər

Widgetlərin uzunluq, en və başqa ölçü dəyərləri müxtəlif vahidlərlə göstərilə bilər.

Əgər ölçünü integer kimi qeyd etsəniz bu proqram tərəfinfən pixel olaraq qəbul edilir.

Ölçü dəyərləri aşağıdakı cədvələ uyğun rəqəmli stringlər şəkilində verilir:

Yazılışı İzahı
c Santimetr
i İnc
m Millimetr
p point(1/72 inc)

Koordinasiya-sistemi

Müasir koordinasiya sistemlərində olduğu kimi, hər bir koordinat sisdeminin başlanğıcı sol üst küncdədir. X koordinatı sağa, Y koordinatı isə sola getdikcə artır.

Əsas ölçü vahidi pikseldir. Ən yuxarı soldakı pikselin koordinatları (0,0). İnteger kimi verilən koordinatlar piksellər ilə işlənir, lakin bütün koordinatlar ölçü vahidləri ilə verilə bilər.

Rənglər

Color chooser nümunəsi

Tkinter də rəngləri təyin etmək üçün iki seçim mövcuddur.

  • Standart rənglərin adları ilə verilməsi: 'white', 'black', 'red', 'green', 'blue', 'cyan', 'yellow' və 'magenta'

  • Rənglərin qırmızı, yaşıl və mavi hexadecimal formatına uyğun string şəkilində verilməsi:

Yazılışı İzahı
#rgb 4 bitlik
#rrggbb 8 bitlik
#rrrgggbbb 16 bitlik

Məsələn, '#fff' ağ, '#000000' qara, '#000fff000' is açıq yaşıl, and '#00ffff' cyan (yaşıl ilə göy qarışığı).

Rəngləri buradan və ya Google-nin Material design rəngləri buradan incələyə bilərik.

Font-tipləri

Nümunə

İstfadə etdiyiniz platformadan asılı olaraq yazı stilini təyin etmək üçün 3 üsul var.

  • Tuple şəkilində. Burada birinci element font ailəsi(font family), ikinci ölçüsü(əgər müsbət işarəli olarsa point olaraq işlənir, mənfi işarəlidirsə piksellərlə), ehtiyac yarandıqa isə üçüncü element kimi yazının digər stilini 'bold', 'italic', 'underline' və 'overstrike' verə bilərik.

    Məsələn: ('Helvetica', '16') 16-point Helvetica regular; ('Times', '24', 'bold italic') 24-point Times bold italic. 20-piksel Times bold font üçün isə ('Times', -20, 'bold').

  • tkFont modulunu import edərək Font sinifinə aid yeni bir "font obyekti" təyin etməklə:

    import tkFont

    font = tkFont.Font(option, ...)

    parametrlərə bunlar daxildir:

Yazılışı İzahı
family String formatında verilmiş font ailəsi adı.
size Font ölçüsü (integer formatında - points kimi). n piksel ölçüsündə yazmaq üçün -n.
weight 'bold' - qalın , 'normal' - normal.
slant 'italic' - italic, 'roman' - cursiv.
underline 1 - altı xəttli yazı, 0 - normal.
overstrike 1 - orta xəttli yazı, 0 - normal.

Məsələn: 36 point bold Helvetica italic tipli yazı üçün:

helv36 = tkFont.Font(family='Helvetica', size=36, weight='bold')

Patformanızda mövcud olan bütün fontları görmək üçün:

tkFont.families()

Geri Dönən dəyər string list şəkilində olacaq. Qeyd: Bu funksiyanı çağırmazdan öncə ana pəncərənizi(Window) yaratmalıyıq.

Bu metodlar bütün Font obyektlərində istidə olunur:

.actual(option=None)

////// If you pass no arguments, you get back a dictionary of the font's actual attributes, which may differ from the ones you requested. To get back the value of an attribute, pass its name as an argument.

.cget(option)

Verilmiş parametrin(option) hazırki dəyərini döndürür.

.configure(option, ...)

Bu metodu istifadə etməklə fontun bir və ya bir neçə parametrinin dəyərini dəyişmək mümkündür. Məsələn: Əgər sizin titleFont adlı Font obyektiniz varsa titleFont.configure(family='times', size=18) yazılışı ilə fontun ölçüsü 18pt, Times stilinə keçir və bu obyekti istifadə edən bütün widgetlər ona uyğun olaraq dəyişir.

.copy()

Font obyektini köçürür və döndürür.

.measure(text)

Bu metod içərisinə yazılmış string mətnin həmin font ilə yazılışı zamanı uzunluğun tutduğu piksellərin sayını döndürür. Qeyd: bəzi kursiv yazılarda dəqiq olmaya bilər.

.metrics(option)

\\\\If you call this method with no arguments, it returns a dictionary of all the font metrics. You can retrieve the value of just one metric by passing its name as an argument. Metrics include:

Yazılışı İzahı
ascent Number of pixels of height between the baseline and the top of the highest ascender.
descent Number of pixels of height between the baseline and the bottom of the lowest ascender.
fixed This value is 0 for a variable-width font and 1 for a monospaced font.
linespace Number of pixels of height total. This is the leading of type set solid in the given font.

Kənarlar

Tkinter modulu pəncərədə widgetlərin pəncərədə yerləşmə yerini müəyyən etmək üçün kompas cəhətlərindən istifadə edir. Hansı ki, north-şimal, south-cənub, west-sol, east-sağ.

Kənar istiqamətləri və adları aşağıdakı kimidir:

Məsələn: Əgər boyük frame içərisində kiçik üidget yaratsaq, və anchor=tk.SE yazsaq, widget freymin aşağı sağ tərəfində yerləşəcək. Əgər əvəzinə anchor=tk.N yazsaq, widget yuxarı orta tərəfdə yerləşəcək.

Bu funksiya həmçinin bizə mətnin yerləşməsini də təyin etmək imkanı verir. Məsələn, əgər text anchor kimitk.CENTER versək, mətn üfüqi və şaquli olaraq mərkəzdə yazılar.

Relief-stilləri

Widgetin Relief stili onun 3-d effektlərini təyin edir. Məsələn: button üçün aşağıdakı stillər var:

Bitmaps

For bitmap options in widgets, these bitmaps are guaranteed to be available:

The graphic above shows Button widgets bearing the standard bitmaps. From left to right, they are 'error', 'gray75', 'gray50', 'gray25', 'gray12', 'hourglass', 'info', 'questhead', 'question', and 'warning'. You can use your own bitmaps. Any file in .xbm (X bit map) format will work. In place of a standard bitmap name, use the string '@' followed by the pathname of the .xbm file.

Cursors

There are quite a number of different mouse cursors available. Their names and graphics are shown here. The exact graphic may vary according to your operating system.

Images

There are three general methods for displaying graphic images in your Tkinter application.

  • To display bitmap (two-color) images in the .xbm format, refer to The BitmapImage class.

  • To display full-color images in the .gif, .pgm, or .ppm format, refer to The PhotoImage class.

  • The Python Imaging Library (PIL) supports images in a much wider variety of formats. Its ImageTk class is specifically designed for displaying images within Tkinter applications.

  • The-BitmapImage-class

To display a two-color image in the .xbm format, you will need this constructor:

tk.BitmapImage(file=f[, background=b][, foreground=c])

where f is the name of the .xbm image file.

Normally, foreground (1) bits in the image will be displayed as black pixels, and background (0) bits in the image will be transparent. To change this behavior, use the optional background=b option to set the background to color b, and the optional foreground=c option to set the foreground to color c. For color specification, see Section Colors.

This constructor returns a value that can be used anywhere Tkinter expects an image. For example, to display an image as a label, use a Label widget (see Section 12, Label widget and supply the BitmapImage object as the value of the image option:

logo = tk.BitmapImage('logo.xbm', foreground='red') Label(image=logo).grid()

  • The-PhotoImage-class

To display a color image in .gif, .pgm, or .ppm format, you will need this constructor:

tk.PhotoImage(file=f)

where f is the name of the image file. The constructor returns a value that can be used anywhere Tkinter expects an image.

Geometry-strings

A geometry string is a standard way of describing the size and location of a top-level window on a desktop.

A geometry string has this general form:

'wxh±x±y'

where:

  • The w and h parts give the window width and height in pixels. They are separated by the character 'x'.

  • If the next part has the form +x, it specifies that the left side of the window should be x pixels from the left side of the desktop. If it has the form -x, the right side of the window is x pixels from the right side of the desktop.

  • If the next part has the form +y, it specifies that the top of the window should be y pixels below the top of the desktop. If it has the form -y, the bottom of the window will be y pixels above the bottom edge of the desktop.

For example, a window created with geometry='120x50-0+20' would be 120 pixels wide by 50 pixels high, and its top right corner will be along the right edge of the desktop and 20 pixels below the top edge.

Window-names

The term window describes a rectangular area on the desktop.

  • A top-level or root window is a window that has an independent existence under the window manager. It is decorated with the window manager's decorations, and can be moved and resized independently. Your application can use any number of top-level windows.

  • The term “window” also applies to any widget that is part of a top-level window. Tkinter names all these windows using a hierarchical window path name.

  • The root window's name is '.'.

  • Child windows have names of the form '.n', where n is some integer in string form. For example, a window named '.135932060' is a child of the root window ('.').

  • Child windows within child windows have names of the form 'p.n' where p is the name of the parent window and n is some integer. For example, a window named '.135932060.137304468' has parent window '.135932060', so it is a grandchild of the root window.

  • The relative name of a window is the part past the last '.' in the path name. To continue the previous example, the grandchild window has a relative name '137304468'.

To get the path name for a widget w, use str(w).

See also Section Methods common to all tkk widgets for methods you can use to operate on window names, especially the .winfo_name, .winfo_parent, and .winfo_pathname methods.

Cap-and-join-styles

For pleasant and effective rendering of diagrams, sometimes it is a good idea to pay attention to cap and join styles.

  1. The cap style of a line is the shape of the end of the line. Styles are:
  • tk.BUTT: The end of the line is cut off square at a line that passes through the endpoint.
  • tk.PROJECTING: The end of the line is cut off square, but the cut line projects past the endpoint a distance equal to half the line's width.
  • tk.ROUND: The end describes a semicircle centered on the endpoint.
  1. The join style describes the shape where two line segments meet at an angle.
  • tk.ROUND: The join is a circle centered on the point where the adjacent line segments meet.
  • tk.BEVEL: A flat facet is drawn at an angle intermediate between the angles of the adjacent lines.
  • tk.MITER: The edges of the adjacent line segments are continued to meet at a sharp point.

This illustration shows how Tkinter's cap and join options work with a line made of two connected line segments. Small red circles show the location of the points that define this line.

Dash-patterns

A number of widgets allow you to specify a dashed outline. The dash and dash offset options give you fine control over the exact pattern of the dashes.

dash

This option is specified as a tuple of integers. The first integer specifies how many pixels should be drawn. The second integer specifies how many pixels should be skipped before starting to draw again, and so on. When all the integers in the tuple are exhausted, they are reused in the same order until the border is complete.

For example, dash=(3,5) produces alternating 3-pixel dashes separated by 5-pixel gaps. A value of dash=(7,1,1,1) produces a dash-and-dot pattern, with the dash seven times as long as the dot or the gaps around the dot. A value of dash=(5,) produces alternating five-pixel dashes and five-pixel gaps.

dashoff

To start the dash pattern in a different point of cycle instead of at the beginning, use an option of dashoff=n, where n is the number of pixels to skip at the beginning of the pattern.

For example, for options dash=(5, 1, 2, 1) and dashoff=3, the first pattern produced will be: 2 on, 1 off, 2 on, and 1 off. Subsequent patterns will be 5 on, 1 off, 2 on, and 1 off. Here is a screen shot of a line drawn with this combination of options:

Matching-stipple-patterns

This may seem like an incredibly picky style point, but if you draw a graphic that has two objects with stippled patterns, a real professional will make sure that the patterns align along their boundary.

Here is an example. The left-hand screen shot shows two adjacent 100×100 squares stippled with the “gray12” pattern, but the right-hand square is offset vertically by one pixel. The short black line in the center of the figure is drawn along the boundary of the two figures.

About-ttk-Themed-widgets

Starting with Tk 8.5, the ttk module became available. This module replaces much (but not all) of the original Tkinter machinery. Use this module to gain these advantages:

  • Platform-specific appearance. In releases before Tk 8.5, one of the commonest complaints about Tk applications was that they did not conform to the style of the various platforms.

The ttk module allows you to write your application in a generic way, yet your application can look like a Windows application under Windows, like a MacOS app under MacOS, and so on, without any change to your program.

Each possible different appearance is represented by a named ttk theme. For example, the classic theme gives you the appearance of the original Tkinter widgets described in the previous sections.

  • Simplification and generalization of state-specific widget behavior. In the basic Tkinter world, there are a lot of widget options that specify how the widget should look or behave depending on various conditions.

For example, the tk.Button widget has several different options that control the foreground (text) color.

  • The activeforeground color option applies when the cursor is over the button.
  • The disabledforeground color is used when the widget is disabled.
  • The widget will have the foreground color when the other conditions don't apply.

The ttk module collapses a lot of these special cases into a simple two-part system:

  • Every widget has a number of different states, and each state can be turned on or off independently of the others. Examples of states are: disabled, active, and focus.

  • You can set up a style map that specifies that certain options will be set to certain values depending on some state or some combination of the widget's states.

To use ttk, you will need to know these things.

Importing tkinter and ttk: Setting up your program to use ttk.

All tkk widgets list: The new and replaced ttk widgets.

Styling-tkk-widgets

Importing-tkinter-and-ttk

There are different ways to import the ttk module.

  • If you prefer that all the widgets and other features of Tkinter and ttk be in your global namespace, use this form of import:
from Tkinter import *
from ttk import *

It is important to do these two imports in this order, so that all the widget types from ttk replace the equivalent widgets from Tkinter. For example, all your Button widgets will come from ttk and not Tkinter.

  • In more complex applications, where you are using more than one imported module, it can greatly improve the readability of your code if you practice safe namespace hygiene: import all your modules using the import module name syntax. This requires just a bit more typing, but it has the great advantage that you can look at a reference to something and tell where it came from.

We recommend this form of import:

import ttk

So after this import, ttk.Label is the Label widget constructor, ttk.Button is a Button, and so on.

If you need to refer to items from the Tkinter module, it is available as ttk.Tkinter. For example, the anchor code for northeast is ttk.Tkinter.NE.

You may instead import Tkinter separately in this way:

import Tkinter as tk

After this form of import, the code for northeast is tk.NE.

All-tkk-widgets-list

The ttk module contains different versions of most of the standard Tkinter widgets and a few new ones.

These widgets replace the ones from Tkinter of the same name:

  • ttk.Button Read.
  • ttk.Checkbutton” Read.
  • ttk.Entry” Read.
  • ttk.Frame” Read.
  • ttk.Label” Read.
  • ttk.LabelFrame” Read.
  • ttk.Menubutton” Read.
  • ttk.PanedWindow” Read.
  • ttk.Radiobutton” Read.
  • ttk.Scale” Read.
  • ttk.Scrollbar” Read.

These widgets are new, and specific to ttk:

  • ttk.Combobox” Read.
  • ttk.Notebook” Read.
  • ttk.Progressbar” Read.
  • ttk.Separator” Read.
  • ttk.Sizegrip” Read.
  • ttk.Tree view” Read.

Button

To create a ttk.Button widget:

w = ttk.Button(parent, option=value, ...)

Here are the options for the ttk.Button widget.

Command Description
class_ The widget class name. This may be specified when the widget is created, but cannot be changed later.
command A function to be called when the button is pressed
compound If you provide both image and text options, the compound option specifies the position of the image relative to the text. The value may be tk.TOP (image above text), tk.BOTTOM (image below text), tk.LEFT (image to the left of the text), or tk.RIGHT (image to the right of the text). When you provide both image and text options but don't specify a compound option, the image will appear and the text will not.
cursor The cursor that will appear when the mouse is over the button; go to Cursors
image An image to appear on the button; go to Images
style The style to be used in rendering this button; go to Styling tkk widgets
takefocus By default, a ttk.Button will be included in focus traversal. To remove the widget from focus traversal, use takefocus=False; go to [Focus: routing keyboard input](#coming soon)
text The text to appear on the button, as a string.
textvariable A variable that controls the text that appears on the button; go to [Control variables: the values behind the widgets](#coming soon)
underline If this option has a non negative value n, an underline will appear under the character at position n.
width If the label is text, this option specifies the absolute width of the text area on the button, as a number of characters; the actual width is that number multiplied by the average width of a character in the current font. For image labels, this option is ignored. The option may also be configured in a style

These options of the Tkinter Button widget are not supported by the ttk.Button constructor:

Tkinter Button options not in ttk.Button

Command Description
activebackground Use a style map to control the background option; go to, [ttk style maps: dynamic appearance changes](#coming soon ttk element layer)
activeforeground Use a style map to control the foreground option.
anchor Configure this option using a style; go to Styling tkk widgets Use this option to specify the position of the text when the width option allocates extra horizontal space. For example, if you specify options width=20 and compound=tk.RIGHT on a button that displays both text and and image, and a style that specifies anchor=tk.E (east), the image will be at the right-hand end of the twenty character space, with the text just to its left. When the button displays an image but no text, this option is ignored.
background or bg Configure the background option using a style. The bg abbreviation is not supported.
bitmap Not supported.
borderwidth or bd Configure the borderwidth option using a style. The bd abbreviation is not supported.
cursor The cursor that will appear when the mouse is over the checkbutton.
default Not supported.
disabledforeground Use a style map for the foreground option.
font Configure this option using a style.
foreground or fg Configure this option using a style.
height Not supported.
highlightbackground To control the color of the focus highlight when the button does not have focus, use a style map to control the highlightcolor option.
highlightcolor You may specify the default focus highlight color by setting this option in a style. You may also control the focus highlight color using a style map.
highlightthickness Configure this option using a style. This option may not work in all themes.
justify If the text contains newline ('\n') characters, the text will occupy multiple lines on the button. The justify option controls how each line is positioned horizontally. Configure this option using a style; values may be tk.LEFT, tk.CENTER, or tk.RIGHT for lines that are left-aligned, centered, or right aligned, respectively.
overrelief Use a style map to control the relief option.
padx Not supported.
pady Not supported.
relief Configure this option using a style.
repeatdelay Not supported.
repeatinterval Not supported.
state In ttk, there is no option with this name. The state mechanism has been generalized.
wraplength If you use a style with this option set to some dimensions, the text will be sliced into pieces no longer than that dimension.

Methods on a ttk.Button include all those described in Methods common to all tkk widgets, plus:

.invoke()

Calls the button's command callback, and returns what that function returns. Has no effect if the button is disabled or there is no callback.

The .flash() method of Tkinter.Button is not supported by the ttk.Button widget.

Check-button

To create a ttk.Checkbutton widget as the child of a given parent widget:

w = ttk.Checkbutton(parent, option=value, ...)

Here are the options for the ttk.Checkbutton widget.

Command Description
class_ The widget class name. This may be specified when the widget is created, but cannot be changed later.
command A function to be called whenever the state of this checkbutton changes.
compound This option specifies the relative position of the image relative to the text when you specify both. The value maybe tk.TOP (image above text), tk.BOTTOM (image below text), tk.LEFT (image to the left of the text), or tk.RIGHT (image to the right of the text). If you provide both image and text options but do not specify a value for compound, only the image will appear.
cursor The cursor that will appear when the mouse is over the checkbutton.
image An image to appear on the checkbutton
offvalue By default, when a checkbutton is in the off (unchecked) state, the value of the associated variable is 0. You can use the offvalue option to specify a different value for the off state.
onvalue By default,when a checkbutton is in the on (checked) state, the value of the associated variable is 1. You can use the onvalue option to specify a different value for the on state.
style The style to be used in rendering this checkbutton
takefocus By default, a ttk.Checkbutton will be included in focus traversal, To remove the widget from focus traversal, use takefocus=False.
text The text to appear on the checkbutton, as a string.
textvariable A variable that controls the text that appears on the checkbutton.
underline If this option has a non negative value n, an underline will appear under the text character at position n
variable A control variable that tracks the current state of the checkbutton; go to [Control variables](#coming soon). Normally you will use an
IntVar here, use .get method to see value and the off and on values are 0 and 1, respectively. However, you may use a different control variable type, and specify the offvalue and onvalue options using values of that type.
width Use this option to specify a fixed width or a minimum width. The value is specified in characters; a positive value sets a fixed width of that many average characters, while a negative width sets a minimum width. For example, if an average character in the selected font is 10 pixels wide, option width=8 will make the text label exactly 80 pixels wide; option width=-8 will use 80 pixels or the length of the text, whichever is larger. You may also specify a width value in an associated style. If values are specified both in the widget constructor call and in the style, the former takes priority.

These options of the Tkinter Checkbutton widget are not supported by the ttk.Checkbutton widget constructor:

Tkinter Checkbutton options not in ttk.Checkbutton

Combo-box

Entry

Frame

Label

Label-frame

Menu-button

Notebook

Paned-window

Progressbar

Radio-button

Scale

Scrollbar

Separator

Sizegrip

Tree-view

Styling-tkk-widgets

Methods-common-to-all-tkk-widgets

Windows

root.resizable(False, False)

Bonus-Kitablar