MAGNET-Heat-Pipe-Data

Fission batteries are envisioned as nuclear energy systems and associated technology that can be fully utilized in a battery-like operation, where the system is delivered as a ‘plug-and-play’ service. Several key attributes define the desired functionality of these systems: economic, standardized, installed, unattended, and reliable. The construction and operation of unattended, plug-and-play fission batteries will require sufficiently robust hardware and software technologies. Using a digital twin (DT) may reduce costs and risk associated with employing fission batteries through the integration of the disparate systems used in the design, construction, and operation of these nuclear energy systems. A DT employing machine-learning (ML) and physics-based representations to forecast future performance could potentially be used for anticipatory control. Before application of a DT in the fission domain, the DT technology should be validated in a non-fission environment. A DT of a single-heat-pipe test article in the Microreactor AGile Non-nuclear Experimental Testbed (MAGNET) was demonstrated with predictive, self-adjusting capability on 30 March 2022. The test plan stated that: (1) the operators will manually change the temperature set point of the heat pipe to an upper limit or lower limit; and (2) the DT will predict the temperature will go beyond this temperature threshold, and then will update the temperature set point to the baseline temperature without any human intervention. The DT used a two-step process including a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) for variable selection between the sensors followed by vector autoregressive (VAR) models for multivariate forecasting to predict future performance of the heat pipe within MAGNET. Additionally, a physics model was created within the Sockeye framework that would be applied in future tests. With controlled rates of temperature change, the DT successfully self-adjusted the heat pipe before reaching the lower limit under expected conditions. Ultimately, this DT could be leveraged as a foundational framework in future fission battery applications for continuously monitoring and actively self-adjusting a heat pipe.

Introductory Paper

Wilsdon, K., Hansel, J., Kunz, M. R., & Browning, J. (2023). Autonomous control of heat pipes through digital twins: Application to fission batteries. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 163, 104813.

Getting Started

See Demo_Container.md for instructions on setting up a DeepLynx container complete with ontology, data sources, type mapping, and graph and timeseries data for the MAGNET digital twin experiment.

Experiment

Multiple_Files directory - a list of one-minute interval files containing the experimental data.
- Note: There are time intervals missing because files were only created during the operation of the digital twin instead of the entire experiment.
Single_File directory - full experimental data file.
Demo_Container_Export.json - contains ontology, data source, and type mapping information for the creation of a demo container with data from this respository.
graph_input.json - data that will be used for the demo container to populate a sample graph.

Machine_Learning

Multiple_Files directory - A list of files that forecasted the next 10 minutes of operation of the heat pipe.
Single_File directory - full forecast data file.

See Section 3.2. Machine-learning and artificial intelligence and 4.2. Machine learning and artificial intelligence in the journal paper for more information.

Variable Information

The label/response/y to predict is Heater Temp.

Time (s) = time in seconds
Date/Time = this number is the time-zone-independent number of seconds that have elapsed since 12:00 a.m., Friday, January 1, 1904, Universal Time [01-01-1904 00:00:00].
- To convert to datetime, perform the following: Excel -> highlight Date/Time column -> Number Formats Dropdown -> Custom -> More Number Formats -> Type = yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss -> Ok
Heat Pipe TC-01 = thermowell 01
Heat Pipe TC-02 = thermowell 02
Heat Pipe TC-03 = thermowell 03
Heat Pipe TC-04 = thermowell 04
Heat Pipe TC-05 = thermowell 05
Heat Pipe TC-06 = thermowell 06
Heat Pipe TC-07 = thermowell 07
Heat Pipe TC-08 = thermowell 08
Heat Pipe TC-09 = thermowell 09
Heat Pipe TC-10= thermowell 10
Heater Power (W) = power in watts
Heater Temp = core block temperature

See Section 2.2. Single-heat-pipe test article, Figure 2, and Figure 3 in the journal paper for more information.