ExifTool is a comprehensive open source utility for reading, writing and editing meta information in a wide variety of file types. As noted on its project homepage:
ExifTool supports many different metadata formats including EXIF, GPS, IPTC, XMP, JFIF, GeoTIFF, ICC Profile, Photoshop IRB, FlashPix, AFCP and ID3, as well as the maker notes of many digital cameras by Canon, Casio, DJI, FLIR, FujiFilm, GE, GoPro, HP, JVC/Victor, Kodak, Leaf, Minolta/Konica-Minolta, Motorola, Nikon, Nintendo, Olympus/Epson, Panasonic/Leica, Pentax/Asahi, Phase One, Reconyx, Ricoh, Samsung, Sanyo, Sigma/Foveon and Sony.
exiftoolr wraps a
local installation of ExifTool, giving users easy access to its
functionality from within R. exif_read() can be used to read
metadata from one or many files into a data.frame with one column
per metadata field and one row per file. exif_call(), supports more
general calls to the underlying ExifTool utility, examples of which
are displayed here.
Here is a photo taken in the La Sal mountains of southeastern Utah, USA.
Suppose you would like to annotate it with a bit of text indicating the time and place at which the photo was taken. You could do that as follows, using exiftoolr to extract the relevant data from the file, and the magick package to annotate the image:
library(exiftoolr)
library(magick)
## Read and extract image metadata
dat <- exif_read("LaSals.jpg")
DateTime <- dat[["CreateDate"]]
Longitude <- dat[["GPSLongitude"]]
Latitude <- dat[["GPSLatitude"]]
## Prepare annotation text
txt <- paste0(DateTime, "\n",
"Longitude: ", round(Longitude, 5), "\n",
"Latitude: ", round(Latitude, 5))
## Annotate image and write to file
out <- image_annotate(image_read(infile), txt,
gravity = "northwest", color = "red",
boxcolor = adjustcolor("black", alpha=0.2),
size = 15, location = "+10+10")
image_write(out, "LaSals_annotated.jpg")
To install exiftoolr from CRAN do, as usual:
install.packages("exiftoolr")To install the most recent version from GitHub, do this:
if(!require(devtools)) {install.packages("devtools")}
devtools::install_github("JoshOBrien/exiftoolr")exiftoolr can be configured to use an existing ExifTool
installation. Alternatively, run install_exiftool() once following
package installation to install a copy of ExifTool in the package's
directory tree, where calls to functions in the exiftoolr package
will automatically find it:
exiftoolr::install_exiftool()exiftoolr makes a reasonable attempt to find local copies of Perl
and ExifTool and, in most cases, will need no hints to find them. For
direct control over which Perl or ExifTool is used, set their paths
either with an explicit call to configure_exiftool() or with the
environment variables "ET_PERL_PATH" and "ET_EXIFTOOL_PATH".
exif_read() reads metadata from one or more image files, returning
the results in a plain data.frame:
library(exiftoolr)
image_files <- dir(system.file("images", package = "exiftoolr"),
full.names = TRUE)
exifinfo <- exif_read(image_files)
dim(exifinfo)
#> [1] 3 181
names(exifinfo)[1:20] ## Display first 20 metadata fields read by ExifTool
#> [1] "SourceFile" "ExifToolVersion" "FileName" "Directory"
#> [5] "FileSize" "FileModifyDate" "FileAccessDate" "FileCreateDate"
#> [9] "FilePermissions" "FileType" "FileTypeExtension" "MIMEType"
#> [13] "ExifByteOrder" "Make" "Model" "Orientation"
#> [17] "XResolution" "YResolution" "ResolutionUnit" "Software"To extract only those tags that are actually needed, use the tags
argument:
exif_read(image_files, tags = c("filename", "imagesize"))
#> SourceFile FileName ImageSize
#> 1 C:/R/Library/exiftoolr/images/LaSals.jpg LaSals.jpg 640 480
#> 2 C:/R/Library/exiftoolr/images/Lizard.jpg Lizard.jpg 4032 3024
#> 3 C:/R/Library/exiftoolr/images/QS_Hongg.jpg QS_Hongg.jpg 4674 3456The tags argument also accepts simple regular expressions. For
instance, to extract all fields with names containing the substring
"GPS", you could use the following call:
exif_read(image_files[1], tags = "*GPS*")
#> SourceFile GPSLatitudeRef GPSLongitudeRef
#> 1 C:/R/Library/exiftoolr/images/LaSals.jpg N W
#> GPSAltitudeRef GPSTimeStamp GPSSpeedRef GPSSpeed GPSImgDirectionRef
#> 1 0 23:05:36 K 0 T
#> GPSImgDirection GPSDestBearingRef GPSDestBearing GPSDateStamp GPSHPositioningError
#> 1 107.2073 T 107.2073 2016:09:21 5
#> GPSAltitude GPSDateTime GPSLatitude GPSLongitude
#> 1 2257.414 2016:09:21 23:05:36Z 39.64798 -111.3705
#> GPSPosition
#> 1 39.6479805555556 -111.370505555556To access more general ExifTool functionality (many examples of which
are shown here), use the exif_call()
function. For example, the call just above, if run using
exif_call(), would look something like this:
exif_call(args = c("-n", "-j", "-q", "-*GPS*"), path = image_files[1])Several R packages can read EXIF metadata from image files. The
exif and
magick packages both
include functions (exif::read_exif(), and
magick::image_attributes(), respectively) that extract files' EXIF
data. Often, though, EXIF tags comprise only a subset of the metadata
in a file. Despite its name, ExifTool reads data stored in many
additional metadata formats.
The exifr package -- also a thin wrapper around ExifTool -- is much more similar in the functionality that it provides. The packages differ mainly in their support for easy installation and configuration on all operating systems. exiftoolr, in particular, was designed to make it as easy for Windows users -- even those without Perl installations -- to access ExifTool functionality as it is for *NIX and Mac users. Relative to exifr, exiftoolr also makes it easier to update ExifTool to its most current version.