A report of the experiment on Radial Basis Function(RBF), Self-organizing map(SOM), Support vector machine(SVM) and a two-fully connected layer network(MLP) with back-propagation.
- python==3.7
- numpy==1.19.2
Before the experiment, it is important to analyze the dataset first. The dataset contains 330 training samples, 21 testing samples, each sample is a vector with length of 33. There are two classes. Label of the data is [-1 , 1].
Samples labeled as 1 accounted for approximately 65% of the total, samples labeled as -1 accounted for approximately 35%. Among the 33 features, the value is mostly close to one of 1.0, 0.0 and -1.0.
Number of the neurons is first set to 10. The centers(neurons) are generated by k-means.
center_num = 10
model = KMeans(n_clusters=center_num, max_iter=1500)
model.fit(data_train)
centers = model.cluster_centers_
The output of the RBF is shown in the figure , so next we need to pick a threshold for the classification.
We choose threshold from [-0.5, 0.5], step set as 0.05, to test how different thresholds influence the Accuracy. We set threshold as 0.20, and test the model with 21 testing data, the output is shown in Figure.3.
We use k-means and SOM to generate the centers for RBF network.
num_neural: 81 ,
num_iteration: 500 * num_neural = 40,500
sigma: 3, (at the iteration t we have sigma(t) = sigma / (1 + t/T), where T = num_iteration/2
learning_rate: 0.5, (at the iteration t we have learning_rate(t) = learning_rate / (1 + t/T) )
Neighborhood Function: Gaussian distribution with sigma=1 and sigma=5
Weight initializing: Picking random samples from data.
To visualize the result of the training we plot the distance map using a pseudo color where the neurons of the maps are displayed as an array of cells and the color represents the (weights) distance from the neighbor neurons. On top of the pseudo color we add markers that represent the samples mapped in the specific cells:
To have an overview of how the samples are distributed across the map a scatter chart can be used where each dot represents the coordinates of the winning neuron. A random offset is added to avoid overlaps between points within the same cell.
Because this is a supervised problem, we can visualize the proportion of samples per class falling in a specific neuron using a pie chart per neuron is shown in the Figure.8. For testing data, we could calculate the distance with the neurons and select the neuron that is most similar with the data, then we could do the classification with the SOM.
C = 1.0 Kernel: Radial basis function kernel Gamma = 0.1
Acc of the training set = 96.26%. Acc of the testing set = 94.50%.
We also run a sequence experiment to test how the different C is influence the performance of the SVM. A Bigger C would cause model to be overfitting, shown in the Figure.9.
Gamma in the RBF kernel is also a hyper-param to be tuned, a model with bigger gamma will have fewer support vectors.
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Loss: MSE
Optimizer: SGD
Dropout rate: 0.5
We ran for 30,000 epochs in total, and results are shown in Figure.11.
We find out that the network has more parameters would cause unstable and overfitting. And 330 samples is not enough for deep learning. In this task, traditional neural network beats the MLP.
1.RBF needs pre-train to find the proper centers, there are many methods that could find the centers: Random picking/Top-down/Bottom-up/K-means/SOM/Gradient Descent.
2.SVM is fast, The SVM learning problem can be expressed as a convex optimization problem, so known effective algorithms can be used to find the global minimum of the objective function. Other classification methods (such as rule-based classifiers and artificial neural networks) use a strategy based on greedy learning to search the hypothesis space. This method generally only obtains a local optimal solution.
3.SOM can be used for classification by doing: for each neural we store the label of the classes that appeared most frequently in the training process.
4.MLP with too many parameters would cause unstable performance, in this case, for stability, RBF and SVM is better than MLP.
The above is the description of all the functional requirements of the EE7207's Assignment. If you encounter unclear or controversial issues, feel free to contact Leslie Wong.