VAST
- Is an R package for implementing a spatial delta-generalized linear mixed model (delta-GLMM) for multiple categories (species, size, or age classes) when standardizing survey or fishery-dependent data.
- Builds upon a previous R package
SpatialDeltaGLMM
(public available here), and has unit-testing to automatically confirm thatVAST
andSpatialDeltaGLMM
give identical results (to the 3rd decimal place for parameter estimates) for several varied real-world case-study examples - Has built in diagnostic functions and model-comparison tools
- Is intended to improve analysis speed, replicability, peer-review, and interpretation of index standardization methods
Background
- This tool is designed to estimate spatial variation in density using spatially referenced data, with the goal of habitat associations (correlations among species and with habitat) and estimating total abundance for a target species in one or more years.
- The model builds upon spatio-temporal delta-generalized linear mixed modelling techniques (Thorson Shelton Ward Skaug 2015 ICESJMS), which separately models the proportion of tows that catch at least one individual ("encounter probability") and catch rates for tows with at least one individual ("positive catch rates").
- Submodels for encounter probability and positive catch rates by default incorporate variation in density among years (as a fixed effect), and can incorporate variation among sampling vessels (as a random effect, Thorson and Ward 2014) which may be correlated among categories (Thorson Fonner Haltuch Ono Winker In press).
- Spatial and spatiotemporal variation are approximated as Gaussian Markov random fields (Thorson Skaug Kristensen Shelton Ward Harms Banante 2014 Ecology), which imply that correlations in spatial variation decay as a function of distance.
There are eleven main resources for learning about VAST:
- Model structure: Please see the User Manual for a document listing model equations and relating them to the input/output used in R.
- Change documentation: Please see NEWS for a document listing major changes in each numbered release; this is useful to track development changes (interface improvements, bug fixes, issues regarding dependencies, etc.) over time.
- Guidance for user decisions: Please see Thorson-2019 for guidance regarding the 15 major decisions needed in every VAST model
- High-level wrapper functions: I have recently added high-level wrapper functions, which provide a gentle introduction to running
VAST
- Examples: The wiki also includes example code to run VAST for many common use-cases, as listed in the right-hand-side toolbar at that link.
- R-help documentation: Please see the standard R-help documentation, e.g., by typing
?VAST::Data_Fn
in the R-terminal after installing the package. - Publications: Please see the publications list to identify peer-reviewed publications regarding individual features. These publications include statistical theory and model testing.
- List-serv: Consider joining the FishStats listserve for 4-6 updates per year, including training classes.
- Talks available online: We post recorded talks and seminars online
- Issue-tracker: Before posting new issues, users should explore the previous issues in the github issue tracker for VAST, SpatialDeltaGLMM, and FishStatsUtils, including a search for old and closed issues.
- Wiki: Users should read and are encouraged to actively contribute to the wiki, which is housed at the github for SpatialDeltaGLMM
If there are questions that arise after this, please look for a VAST Point-of-Contact at your institution and consider contacting them prior to posting an issue.
Regions available in the example script:
and see FishViz.org for visualization of results for regions with a public API for their data.
This function depends on R version >=3.1.1 and a variety of other tools.
First, install the "devtools" package from CRAN
# Install and load devtools package
install.packages("devtools")
library("devtools")
Next, please install the VAST package from this GitHub repository using a function in the "devtools" package. This may require using the INSTALL_opts
option depending upon your version of R:
# Install package
install_github("james-thorson/VAST", INSTALL_opts="--no-staged-install")
# Load package
library(VAST)
If you are having problems with installation, please consider installing dependencies individually, e.g. using:
# Install TMB from CRAN
install.packages("TMB")
# Install INLA using currently recommended method
install.packages("INLA", repos=c(getOption("repos"), INLA="https://inla.r-inla-download.org/R/stable"), dep=TRUE)
# Install FishStatsUtils from CRAN
install_github("james-thorson/FishStatsUtils", INSTALL_opts="--no-staged-install")
Finally, please confirm that VAST is installed by running a model, e.g., following the simple example here.
-
If using a NOAA laptop, sometimes the PATH for Rtools is not correctly specified during installation. In those cases, please follow instructions here
-
Some versions of R are having problems downloading dependencies from GitHub, see details here
-
People using R version 3.6.0 or MRAN 3.5.3 are having a problem with changing standards for package namespaces, see details here, which appears to be particularly a problem with loading INLA due to install issues with that package.
-
MacOS users have specific install issues and a discussion of potential fixes is here
-
Windows has a speed-limit on the rate that users can access the GitHub API. You can get around this by installing each package locally from a ZIP file. You'll need to first download a ZIP file for GitHub repositories
TMBhelper
(here), thenThorsonUtilities
(here), thenFishStatsUtils
(here), thenVAST
(here) to your harddrive in a local directory while recording the directory name (which I will reference asdownload_dir
), and then install these packages from each ZIP file in the same order. To install each package, please click "clone or download" -> "Download ZIP" ->devtools::install_local(path=download_dir, dependencies=FALSE)
- Thorson, J.T., Barnett, L.A.K., 2017. Comparing estimates of abundance trends and distribution shifts using single- and multispecies models of fishes and biogenic habitat. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 74, 1311–1321. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw193
- Thorson, J.T., 2019. Guidance for decisions using the Vector Autoregressive Spatio-Temporal (VAST) package in stock, ecosystem, habitat and climate assessments. Fish. Res. 210, 143–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2018.10.013
- Thorson, J.T., Ianelli, J.N., Larsen, E., Ries, L., Scheuerell, M.D., Szuwalski, C., and Zipkin, E. 2016. Joint dynamic species distribution models: a tool for community ordination and spatiotemporal monitoring. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 25(9): 1144–1158. doi:10.1111/geb.12464. url: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12464/abstract.
- Thorson, J.T., Scheuerell, M.D., Shelton, A.O., See, K.E., Skaug, H.J., and Kristensen, K. 2015. Spatial factor analysis: a new tool for estimating joint species distributions and correlations in species range. Methods Ecol. Evol. 6(6): 627–637. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12359. url: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/2041-210X.12359/abstract
- Thorson, J.T., Ciannelli, L. and Litzow, M. (In press) Defining indices of ecosystem variability using biological samples of fish communities: a generalization of empirical orthogonal functions. Progress In Oceanography.
- Thorson, J.T., Shelton, A.O., Ward, E.J., Skaug, H.J., 2015. Geostatistical delta-generalized linear mixed models improve precision for estimated abundance indices for West Coast groundfishes. ICES J. Mar. Sci. J. Cons. 72(5), 1297–1310. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu243. URL: http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/72/5/1297
- Thorson, J. T., and Haltuch, M. A. 2018. Spatio-temporal analysis of compositional data: increased precision and improved workflow using model-based inputs to stock assessment. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2018-0015. URL: http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0015#.W0oloTpKiUk
- Thorson, J.T., Pinsky, M.L., Ward, E.J., 2016. Model-based inference for estimating shifts in species distribution, area occupied, and center of gravity. Methods Ecol. Evol. 7(8), 990-1008. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12567. URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/2041-210X.12567/full
- Thorson, J.T., Rindorf, A., Gao, J., Hanselman, D.H., and Winker, H. 2016. Density-dependent changes in effective area occupied for sea-bottom-associated marine fishes. Proc R Soc B 283(1840): 20161853. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1853. URL: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/283/1840/20161853.
- Thorson, J.T., Skaug, H.J., Kristensen, K., Shelton, A.O., Ward, E.J., Harms, J.H., Benante, J.A., 2014. The importance of spatial models for estimating the strength of density dependence. Ecology 96, 1202–1212. doi:10.1890/14-0739.1. URL: http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/14-0739.1
- Shelton, A.O., Thorson, J.T., Ward, E.J., Feist, B.E., 2014. Spatial semiparametric models improve estimates of species abundance and distribution. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 71, 1655–1666. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2013-0508. URL: http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0508#.VMafDf7F_h4
- Thorson, J. T., I. J. Stewart, and A. E. Punt. 2012. Development and application of an agent-based model to evaluate methods for estimating relative abundance indices for shoaling fish such as Pacific rockfish (Sebastes spp.). ICES Journal of Marine Science 69:635–647. URL: http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/69/4/635
- Thorson, J. T., I. Stewart, and A. Punt. 2011. Accounting for fish shoals in single- and multi-species survey data using mixture distribution models. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68:1681–1693. URL: http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f2011-086#.VMafcf7F_h4
- Helser, T.E., Punt, A.E., Methot, R.D., 2004. A generalized linear mixed model analysis of a multi-vessel fishery resource survey. Fish. Res. 70, 251–264. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2004.08.007. url: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165783604001705
- Thorson, J.T., Ward, E.J., 2014. Accounting for vessel effects when standardizing catch rates from cooperative surveys. Fish. Res. 155, 168–176. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2014.02.036. url: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165783614000836
- Thorson, J.T., Fonner, R., Haltuch, M., Ono, K., and Winker, H. In press. Accounting for spatiotemporal variation and fisher targeting when estimating abundance from multispecies fishery data. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2015-0598. URL: http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0598
- Dolder, P.J., Thorson, J.T., Minto, C., 2018. Spatial separation of catches in highly mixed fisheries. Sci. Rep. 8, 13886. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31881-w
- Thorson, J.T., and Kristensen, K. 2016. Implementing a generic method for bias correction in statistical models using random effects, with spatial and population dynamics examples. Fish. Res. 175: 66–74. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2015.11.016. url: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165783615301399
- Kai, M., Thorson, J. T., Piner, K. R., and Maunder, M. N. 2017. Spatio-temporal variation in size-structured populations using fishery data: an application to shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) in the Pacific Ocean. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2016-0327. URL: http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0327#.W0olqjpKiUk.
- Thorson, J. T., Ianelli, J. N., and Kotwicki, S. 2018. The relative influence of temperature and size-structure on fish distribution shifts: A case-study on Walleye pollock in the Bering Sea. Fish and Fisheries. doi:10.1111/faf.12225. URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/faf.12225.
- Thorson, J. T., Jannot, J., and Somers, K. 2017. Using spatio-temporal models of population growth and movement to monitor overlap between human impacts and fish populations. Journal of Applied Ecology, 54: 577–587.doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12664. URL: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2664.12664
- Thorson, J. T., Munch, S. B., and Swain, D. P. 2017. Estimating partial regulation in spatiotemporal models of community dynamics. Ecology, 98: 1277–1289. doi:10.1002/ecy.1760. URL: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ecy.1760
- Thorson, J.T., Adams, G., Holsman, K., In press. Spatio-temporal models of intermediate complexity for ecosystem assessments: A new tool for spatial fisheries management. Fish and Fisheries. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12398
- Thorson, J.T., Scheuerell, M.D., Olden, J.D., Schindler, D.E., 2018. Spatial heterogeneity contributes more to portfolio effects than species variability in bottom-associated marine fishes. Proc R Soc B 285, 20180915. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0915
- Thorson, 2019. Forecast skill for predicting distribution shifts: A retrospective experiment for marine fishes in the Eastern Bering Sea. Fish Fish. 20(1): 159-173. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12330
- Grüss, A. and Thorson, J.T. (2019) Developing spatio-temporal models using multiple data types for evaluating population trends and habitat usage. ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, 1748–1761. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsz075.
- Thorson, J.T., 2019. Measuring the impact of oceanographic indices on species distribution shifts: The spatially varying effect of cold-pool extent in the eastern Bering Sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 64, 2632–2645. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11238
- Ongoing: Support from Fisheries Resource Analysis and Monitoring Division (FRAM), Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA
- Ongoing: Support from Danish Technical University (in particular Kasper Kristensen) for development of Template Model Builder software, URL: https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v070i05
- Generous support from people knowledgeable about each region and survey! Specific contributions are listed here.
- Hoff, G., Thorson, J., and Punt, A. 2018. Spatio-temporal dynamics of groundfish availability to EBS bottom trawl surveys and abundance estimate uncertainties. North Pacific Research Board (NPRB) 2018 RFP.
- Rooper, C., Thorson, J., and Boldt, J. 2017. Detecting changes in life history traits and distribution shifts in eastern Bering Sea fishes in response to climate change. Habitat Information for Stock Assessments 2016 RFP.
- Ianelli, J., Thorson, J., Kotwicki, S. 2017. Combining acoustic and bottom-trawl data in a spatio-temporal index standardization model for Eastern Bering Sea pollock. Improve a Stock Assessment 2017 RFP.
- Thorson, J., Ianelli, J., and O’Brien, L. 2015. Distribution and application of a new geostatistical index standardization and habitat modeling tool for stock assessments and essential fish habitat designation in Alaska and Northwest Atlantic regions. Habitat Assessment Improvement Plan 2014 RFP. URL: https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/ecosystems/habitat/funding/projects/project15-027
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