Spanish notes

Part 1

Regular present

ar (o, as, a, amos, áis, an)
er (o, es, e, emos, éis, en)
ir (o, es, e, imos, is, en)

Irregular verbs

Ser - to be (permanent or lasting attributes)

Ser	singular	plural
first person	soy	somos
second person	eres	sois
third person	es	son

Estar - to be (temporary states and locations)

Estar	singular	plural
first person	estoy	estamos
second person	estás	estáis
third person	está	están

Ir - to go

Ir	singular	plural
first person	voy	vamos
second person	vas	vais
third person	va	van

Ver - to see

Ver	singular	plural
first person	veo	vemos
second person	ves	veis
third person	ve	ven

The Imperfect

The imperfect is used to describe past habits or routines.

-ar verbs	singular	plural
first person	aba	ábamos
second person	abas	abais
third person	aba	aban

-er/-ir verbs	singular	plural
first person	ía	íamos
second person	ías	íais
third person	ía	ían

Ser, Ir, and Ver are the only irregular verbs in the imperfect

Ser (to be) - era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran

Ir (to go) - iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban

Ver (to see) - veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían

Stem change verbs

Stem changes in present tense for all forms except nosotros and vosotros

o → ue

almorzar (to eat lunch)
volver (to return)
dormir (to sleep)
costar (to cost)
devolver (to return)
encontrar (to find)
llover (to rain)
morir (to die)
poder (to be able to)
soñar con (to dream about)

u → ue

Jugar (to play)

e → ie

If a verb has multiple "e"s in the stem the last one changes.

cerrar (to close)
querer (to want)
mentir (to lie)
comenzar a (to begin)
nevar (to snow)
empezar a (to begin)
pensar (to think)
encender (to turn on)
perder (to lose)
entender (to understand)
preferir (to prefer)

e → i

repetir (to repeat)
competir (to compete)
pedir (to ask for)
reír (to laugh)
servir (to serve)
sonreír (to smile)

For reír and sonreír keep accent on final i (río, ríes, ríe, reímos, reís, ríen)

Irregular conjugation in first person singular

Verb	Definition	First person singular conjugation
Hacer	to do	hago
Poner	to put	pongo
Salir	to go out/leave	salgo
Traer	to bring	triago
Conducir	to drive	conduzco
Dar	to give	doy
Ver	to see	veo

The Preterite

-ar verbs	singular	plural
first person	é	amos
second person	aste	asteis
third person	ó	aron

-ir/-er verbs	singular	plural
first person	í	imos
second person	iste	isteis
third person	ió	ieron

Verbs that end in -car -gar or -zar have spelling changes in first person singular.
-car -> qué
- tocar -> yo toqué
-gar -> gué
- jugar -> yo jugué
-zar -> cé
- empezar -> yo empecé
An unaccented i always changes to y when it appears between two vowels (in the third person singular and plural)
- leer (leí, leíste, leyó, leímos, leísteis, leyeron)
- oír (oí, oíste, oyó, oímos, oísteis, oyeron) -ir verbs that change stems in the present tense also have stem changes in the preterite, however, the change only occurs in the third-person singular and plural forms (e->i, o->u)
- Ex. dormir (dormí, dormiste, durmió, dormimos, dormisteis, durmieron)

Stem Changing Verbs in the Preterite

-ir verbs that change stems in the present tense also have stem changes in the preterite, however, the change only occurs in the third-person singular and plural forms (e->i, o->u)

Dormir	singular	plural
first person	dormí	dormimos
second person	dormiste	dormisteis
third person	durmió	durmieron

Irregular verbs in the preterite

Ir (to go) / Ser (to be)

Ir / Ser	singular	plural
first person	fui	fuimos
second person	fuiste	fuisteis
third person	fue	fueron

Dar - to give

Dar	singular	plural
first person	di	dimos
second person	diste	disteis
third person	dio	dieron

Ver - to see

Ver	singular	plural
first person	vi	vimos
second person	viste	visteis
third person	vio	vieron

Irregular stems

Ex. Poner (pus-) - to put

Poner	singular	plural
first person	puse	pusimos
second person	pusiste	pusisteis
third person	puso	pusieron

Verb	Definition	Stem
Estar	to be	estuv-
Andar	to walk	anduv-
Poder	to be able to	pud-
Saber	to know	sup-
Tener	to have	tuv-
Hacer	to do/make	hic-
Querer	to want	quis-
Venir	to come	vin-
Decir	to say	dij-
Conducir	to drive	conduj-
Producir	to produce	produj-
Traducir	to translate	traduj-
Traer	to bring	traj-
Haber	to have	hub-

Present Progressive

Describe actions in progress at the moment
Formed with estar + present participle
To form the present participle add -ando for -ar verbs and -iendo for -ir/-er verbs
When the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends in a vowel -yendo is used instead of -iendo
Stem changing ir verbs have an irregular present participle e -> i, o -> u

Ex. Estoy hablando con mi madre. - I am speaking with my mother.

Indirect and Direct Object Pronouns

Direct object pronouns

singular	plural
lo	los
la	las

When using infinitive or present participle the pronoun can be placed in front of the verb

Indirect object pronouns

singular	plural
le	les

When using both direct and indirect object pronouns together the indirect one goes first
When using the third person indirect object pronoun together with the direct object pronoun change from le/les -> se

Por and Para

Por

Cause, reason, motive (because of)
Duration
Exchange
Movement through space

Para

Goal, purpose (in order to)
Recipient
Destination
Deadline
Contrast with what is expected

Saber and Conocer

Saber - to know (sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben) Conocer - to know (conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocéis, conocen)

Saber is used to express knowledge of facts or information as well as skills
Conocer is used to express acquaintance of familiarity with something