Introduction
Bing Maps is releasing open building footprints around the world. We have detected 777M buildings from Bing Maps imagery between 2014 and 2021 including Maxar and Airbus imagery. The data is freely available for download and use under ODbL. This dataset complements our other releases.
Regions included
License
This data is licensed by Microsoft under the Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL).
FAQ
What does the data include?
776,712,641 building footprint polygon geometries located around the world in line delimited GeoJSON format.
| Location | Count | Link | Size (Compressed) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abyei | 171 | Abyei.zip | 12.4KB |
| Afghanistan | 6,588,698 | Afghanistan.zip | 544.3MB |
| Africa | 4,631 | Africa.zip | 398.1KB |
| Albania | 1,180,766 | Albania.zip | 91.9MB |
| Algeria | 6,855,084 | Algeria.zip | 607.1MB |
| Andorra | 8,322 | Andorra.zip | 856.1KB |
| Angola | 4,845,241 | Angola.zip | 348.1MB |
| Anguilla | 9,273 | Anguilla.zip | 749.8KB |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 45,997 | Antigua and Barbuda.zip | 3.4MB |
| Argentina | 6,753,096 | Argentina.zip | 581.3MB |
| Armenia | 939,034 | Armenia.zip | 77.9MB |
| Aruba | 65,366 | Aruba.zip | 5.0MB |
| Asia | 38,522 | Asia.zip | 3.0MB |
| Austria | 3,775,603 | Austria.zip | 350.3MB |
| Azerbaijan | 2,096,220 | Azerbaijan.zip | 163.2MB |
| Bahrain | 197,940 | Bahrain.zip | 19.3MB |
| Bangladesh | 15,189,620 | Bangladesh.zip | 1.1GB |
| Barbados | 147,197 | Barbados.zip | 11.2MB |
| Belarus | 6,680,517 | Belarus.zip | 532.3MB |
| Belize | 143,087 | Belize.zip | 10.2MB |
| Benin | 1,785,985 | Benin.zip | 129.6MB |
| Bhutan | 122,685 | Bhutan.zip | 8.9MB |
| Bolivia | 3,017,479 | Bolivia.zip | 229.9MB |
| Bonaire | 14,316 | Bonaire.zip | 1.1MB |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2,391,614 | Bosnia and Herzegovina.zip | 179.3MB |
| Botswana | 1,180,488 | Botswana.zip | 84.9MB |
| Brazil | 59,523,654 | Brazil.zip | 4.7GB |
| British Indian Ocean Territory | 928 | British Indian Ocean Territory.zip | 74.3KB |
| British Virgin Islands | 10,298 | British Virgin Islands.zip | 802.5KB |
| Bulgaria | 4,033,282 | Bulgaria.zip | 321.1MB |
| Burkina Faso | 2,076,127 | Burkina Faso.zip | 147.8MB |
| Burundi | 1,932,461 | Burundi.zip | 138.8MB |
| Cambodia | 3,874,425 | Cambodia.zip | 281.9MB |
| Cameroon | 2,221,646 | Cameroon.zip | 162.6MB |
| Cayman Islands | 22,655 | Cayman Islands.zip | 1.9MB |
| Central African Republic | 379,478 | Central African Republic.zip | 26.4MB |
| Chad | 1,136,154 | Chad.zip | 82.0MB |
| Chile | 6,210,879 | Chile.zip | 507.0MB |
| Colombia | 7,170,568 | Colombia.zip | 583.2MB |
| Comoros | 119,706 | Comoros.zip | 8.6MB |
| Congo (DRC) | 7,713,432 | Congo (DRC).zip | 544.7MB |
| Costa Rica | 1,461,763 | Costa Rica.zip | 116.9MB |
| Croatia | 2,835,095 | Croatia.zip | 229.0MB |
| Cuba | 2,860,158 | Cuba.zip | 212.8MB |
| Curacao | 103,750 | Curacao.zip | 8.0MB |
| Cyprus | 743,758 | Cyprus.zip | 62.4MB |
| Czech Republic | 4,952,925 | Czech Republic.zip | 435.1MB |
| Denmark | 3,038,654 | Denmark.zip | 291.3MB |
| Djibouti | 22,718 | Djibouti.zip | 1.6MB |
| Dominica | 31,942 | Dominica.zip | 2.3MB |
| Dominican Republic | 2,228,604 | Dominican Republic.zip | 165.6MB |
| Ecuador | 4,329,927 | Ecuador.zip | 341.1MB |
| Egypt | 11,867,135 | Egypt.zip | 1.1GB |
| El Salvador | 1,111,667 | El Salvador.zip | 86.5MB |
| Equatorial Guinea | 178,600 | Equatorial Guinea.zip | 13.4MB |
| Eritrea | 262,573 | Eritrea.zip | 19.2MB |
| Estonia | 737,171 | Estonia.zip | 61.0MB |
| Ethiopia | 4,126,997 | Ethiopia.zip | 298.4MB |
| Europe | 10,837 | Europe.zip | 914.8KB |
| FYRO Makedonija | 775,035 | FYRO Makedonija.zip | 60.3MB |
| Faroe Islands | 28,887 | Faroe Islands.zip | 2.7MB |
| Finland | 4,599,319 | Finland.zip | 407.2MB |
| France | 345,081 | France.zip | 29.3MB |
| French Guiana | 69,718 | French Guiana.zip | 5.4MB |
| French-Guadeloupe | 216,907 | French-Guadeloupe.zip | 16.6MB |
| French-Martinique | 176,511 | French-Martinique.zip | 13.6MB |
| Gabon | 359,041 | Gabon.zip | 27.6MB |
| Gaza Strip | 268,212 | Gaza Strip.zip | 21.4MB |
| Georgia | 1,090,508 | Georgia.zip | 83.3MB |
| Germany | 1,501,611 | Germany.zip | 131.7MB |
| Ghana | 4,728,159 | Ghana.zip | 365.1MB |
| Golan Heights | 20,919 | Golan Heights.zip | 1.8MB |
| Greece | 5,767,604 | Greece.zip | 474.1MB |
| Grenada | 50,583 | Grenada.zip | 3.7MB |
| Guatemala | 2,586,007 | Guatemala.zip | 197.5MB |
| Guinea-Bissau | 293,104 | Guinea-Bissau.zip | 21.3MB |
| Guinea | 1,588,881 | Guinea.zip | 113.9MB |
| Guyana | 253,154 | Guyana.zip | 18.5MB |
| Haiti | 1,564,156 | Haiti.zip | 110.2MB |
| Honduras | 702,874 | Honduras.zip | 52.1MB |
| Hungary | 5,689,949 | Hungary.zip | 462.3MB |
| Iceland | 199,103 | Iceland.zip | 19.0MB |
| India | 83,978,575 | India.zip | 6.8GB |
| Iran | 7,292,306 | Iran.zip | 647.7MB |
| Iraq | 8,189,131 | Iraq.zip | 705.8MB |
| Israel | 1,360,652 | Israel.zip | 123.4MB |
| Italy | 12,047,231 | Italy.zip | 1.1GB |
| Ivory Coast | 3,128,454 | Ivory Coast.zip | 228.6MB |
| Jamaica | 900,787 | Jamaica.zip | 66.5MB |
| Jordan | 1,158,711 | Jordan.zip | 103.9MB |
| Kazakhstan | 7,202,955 | Kazakhstan.zip | 585.2MB |
| Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | 5,920,209 | Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.zip | 518.7MB |
| Kosovo | 737,492 | Kosovo.zip | 57.5MB |
| Kuwait | 48,932 | Kuwait.zip | 3.8MB |
| Kyrgyzstan | 2,219,294 | Kyrgyzstan.zip | 178.1MB |
| Laos | 1,698,220 | Laos.zip | 123.7MB |
| Lapthal | 22 | Lapthal.zip | 1.8KB |
| Latvia | 1,232,375 | Latvia.zip | 102.2MB |
| Lebanon | 1,013,619 | Lebanon.zip | 90.3MB |
| Lesotho | 808,159 | Lesotho.zip | 57.4MB |
| Liberia | 459,207 | Liberia.zip | 33.9MB |
| Libya | 2,118,020 | Libya.zip | 179.4MB |
| Lithuania | 2,161,231 | Lithuania.zip | 180.2MB |
| Madagascar | 3,858,251 | Madagascar.zip | 266.2MB |
| Malawi | 4,550,148 | Malawi.zip | 311.3MB |
| Maldives | 46,506 | Maldives.zip | 3.7MB |
| Mali | 1,833,921 | Mali.zip | 128.6MB |
| Malta | 74,900 | Malta.zip | 8.5MB |
| Mauritania | 820,237 | Mauritania.zip | 58.7MB |
| Mauritius | 310,079 | Mauritius.zip | 26.4MB |
| Mayotte | 58,176 | Mayotte.zip | 4.3MB |
| Mexico | 23,769,529 | Mexico.zip | 1.9GB |
| Moldova | 2,232,324 | Moldova.zip | 176.3MB |
| Mongolia | 441,525 | Mongolia.zip | 33.0MB |
| Montenegro | 369,188 | Montenegro.zip | 27.6MB |
| Montserrat | 3,989 | Montserrat.zip | 311.6KB |
| Morocco | 3,177,420 | Morocco.zip | 282.0MB |
| Mozambique | 7,663,978 | Mozambique.zip | 526.4MB |
| Myanmar | 9,509,845 | Myanmar.zip | 674.3MB |
| Namibia | 842,223 | Namibia.zip | 62.3MB |
| Nepal | 6,349,530 | Nepal.zip | 463.8MB |
| Nicaragua | 783,428 | Nicaragua.zip | 59.6MB |
| Niger | 1,768,700 | Niger.zip | 124.6MB |
| North America | 3,250 | North America.zip | 261.5KB |
| Norway | 3,771,883 | Norway.zip | 344.1MB |
| Pa-li-chia-ssu | 234 | Pa-li-chia-ssu.zip | 16.7KB |
| Pakistan | 19,405,716 | Pakistan.zip | 1.6GB |
| Panama | 1,127,704 | Panama.zip | 85.6MB |
| Paracel Islands | 347 | Paracel Islands.zip | 30.1KB |
| Paraguay | 2,382,332 | Paraguay.zip | 177.9MB |
| Peru | 7,471,710 | Peru.zip | 587.9MB |
| Poland | 17,919,141 | Poland.zip | 1.5GB |
| Portugal | 5,876,375 | Portugal.zip | 500.3MB |
| Puerto Rico | 1,456,320 | Puerto Rico.zip | 111.8MB |
| Republic of Yemen | 3,048,586 | Republic of Yemen.zip | 236.5MB |
| Republic of the Congo | 212,366 | Republic of the Congo.zip | 15.3MB |
| Reunion | 349,472 | Reunion.zip | 28.2MB |
| Romania | 12,346,601 | Romania.zip | 979.8MB |
| Russia | 65,600,469 | Russia.zip | 5.2GB |
| Rwanda | 2,937,239 | Rwanda.zip | 212.2MB |
| Saint Barthelemy | 6,742 | Saint Barthelemy.zip | 535.6KB |
| Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | 4,196 | Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.zip | 321.1KB |
| Saint Lucia | 75,099 | Saint Lucia.zip | 5.5MB |
| San Marino | 7,729 | San Marino.zip | 712.0KB |
| Sang | 129 | Sang.zip | 9.3KB |
| Senegal | 1,848,848 | Senegal.zip | 138.9MB |
| Serbia | 4,751,744 | Serbia.zip | 378.0MB |
| Seychelles | 38,346 | Seychelles.zip | 2.9MB |
| Sierra Leone | 514,694 | Sierra Leone.zip | 37.4MB |
| Slovakia | 2,515,701 | Slovakia.zip | 211.9MB |
| Slovenia | 1,126,319 | Slovenia.zip | 95.5MB |
| Somalia | 50,419 | Somalia.zip | 3.7MB |
| South Africa | 22,955,466 | South Africa.zip | 1.7GB |
| South America | 46 | South America.zip | 3.5KB |
| South Sudan | 120,553 | South Sudan.zip | 8.3MB |
| Spain | 2,859,484 | Spain.zip | 270.6MB |
| Sri Lanka | 3,162,958 | Sri Lanka.zip | 233.4MB |
| St Kitts and Nevis | 27,786 | St Kitts and Nevis.zip | 2.0MB |
| St Martin | 9,748 | St Martin.zip | 808.9KB |
| St Vincent and the Grenadines | 47,587 | St Vincent and the Grenadines.zip | 3.5MB |
| State of Qatar | 507,345 | State of Qatar.zip | 43.2MB |
| Sudan | 2,851,307 | Sudan.zip | 207.0MB |
| Sultanate of Oman | 393,853 | Sultanate of Oman.zip | 34.1MB |
| Suriname | 244,022 | Suriname.zip | 18.4MB |
| Swaziland | 636,549 | Swaziland.zip | 45.5MB |
| Sweden | 6,450,714 | Sweden.zip | 568.9MB |
| Syria | 4,433,121 | Syria.zip | 376.7MB |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | 35,084 | São Tomé and Príncipe.zip | 2.5MB |
| Tajikistan | 2,007,071 | Tajikistan.zip | 161.7MB |
| Tanzania | 685,763 | Tanzania.zip | 47.8MB |
| Thailand | 24,505,493 | Thailand.zip | 1.8GB |
| The Bahamas | 129,252 | The Bahamas.zip | 10.4MB |
| The Gambia | 349,895 | The Gambia.zip | 25.3MB |
| Togo | 1,440,086 | Togo.zip | 106.8MB |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 495,232 | Trinidad and Tobago.zip | 37.8MB |
| Tunisia | 3,412,619 | Tunisia.zip | 314.9MB |
| Turkey | 18,064,082 | Turkey.zip | 1.4GB |
| Turkmenistan | 1,472,888 | Turkmenistan.zip | 119.9MB |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 15,714 | Turks and Caicos Islands.zip | 1.2MB |
| US Virgin Islands | 50,270 | US Virgin Islands.zip | 4.0MB |
| Uganda | 773,722 | Uganda.zip | 55.4MB |
| Ukraine | 26,773,758 | Ukraine.zip | 2.1GB |
| United Arab Emirates | 940,617 | United Arab Emirates.zip | 87.0MB |
| Uruguay | 1,150,711 | Uruguay.zip | 92.3MB |
| Uzbekistan | 6,513,512 | Uzbekistan.zip | 560.5MB |
| Vatican City | 91 | Vatican City.zip | 11.6KB |
| Venezuela | 8,096,400 | Venezuela.zip | 619.9MB |
| Vietnam | 23,869,714 | Vietnam.zip | 1.8GB |
| West Bank | 664,961 | West Bank.zip | 57.9MB |
| Western Halaib Triangle | 156 | Western Halaib Triangle.zip | 11.3KB |
| Zambia | 4,072,801 | Zambia.zip | 288.9MB |
| Zimbabwe | 5,205,858 | Zimbabwe.zip | 366.8MB |
| Île Saint-Martin | 14,920 | Île Saint-Martin.zip | 1.2MB |
What is the GeoJSON format?
GeoJSON is a format for encoding a variety of geographic data structures. For intensive documentation and tutorials, refer to this blog.
Why is the data being released?
Microsoft has a continued interest in supporting a thriving OpenStreetMap ecosystem.
Should we import the data into OpenStreetMap?
Maybe. Never overwrite the hard work of other contributors or blindly import data into OSM without first checking the local quality. While our metrics show that this data meets or exceeds the quality of hand-drawn building footprints, the data does vary in quality from place to place, between rural and urban, mountains and plains, and so on. Inspect quality locally and discuss an import plan with the community. Always follow the OSM import community guidelines.
Will the data be used or made available in the larger OpenStreetMap ecosystem?
Yes. Currently Microsoft Open Buildings dataset is used in ml-enabler for task creation. You can try it out at AI assisted Tasking Manager. The data will also be made available in Facebook RapiD.
How did we create the data?
The building extraction is done in two stages:
- Semantic Segmentation – Recognizing building pixels on an aerial image using deep neural networks (DNNs)
- Polygonization – Converting building pixel detections into polygons
Stage1: Semantic Segmentation
Stage 2: Polygonization
Were there any modeling improvements used for this release?
We did not apply any modeling improvements for this release. Instead, we focused on scaling our approach to increase coverage, and trained models regionally.
Evaluation set metrics
The evaluation metrics are computed on a set of building polygon labels for each region. Note, we only have verification results for Mexico buildings since we did not train a model for the country.
Building match metrics on the evaluation set:
| Region | Precision | Recall |
|---|---|---|
| Africa | 94.4% | 70.9% |
| Caribbean | 92.2% | 76.8% |
| Central Asia | 97.17% | 79.47% |
| Europe | 94.3% | 85.9% |
| Middle East | 95.7% | 85.4% |
| South America | 95.4% | 78.0% |
| South Asia | 94.8% | 76.7% |
We track the following metrics to measure the quality of matched building polygons in the evaluation set:
- Intersection over Union – This is a standard metric measuring the overlap quality against the labels
- Dominant angle rotation error – This measures the polygon rotation deviation
| Region | IoU | Rotation error [deg] |
|---|---|---|
| Africa | 64.5% | 5.67 |
| Caribbean | 64.0% | 6.64 |
| Central Asia | 68.2% | 6.91 |
| Europe | 65.1% | 10.28 |
| Middle East | 65.1% | 9.3 |
| South America | 66.7% | 6.34 |
| South Asia | 63.1% | 6.25 |
False positive ratio in the corpus
False positives are estimated per country from randomly sampled building polygon predictions.
| Region | Buildings Sampled | False Positive Rate |
|---|---|---|
| Africa | 5,000 | 1.1% |
| Caribbean | 3,000 | 1.8% |
| Central Asia | 3,000 | 2.2% |
| Europe | 5,000 | 1.4% |
| Mexico | 2,000 | 0.1% |
| Middle East | 7,000 | 1.8% |
| South America | 5,000 | 1.7% |
| South Asia | 7,000 | 1.4% |
What is the vintage of this data?
Vintage of extracted building footprints depends on the vintage of the underlying imagery. The underlying imagery is from Bing Maps including Maxar and Airbus between 2014 and 2021.
How good is the data?
Our metrics show that in the vast majority of cases the quality is at least as good as hand digitized buildings in OpenStreetMap. It is not perfect, particularly in dense urban areas but it provides good recall in rural areas.
What is the coordinate reference system?
EPSG: 4326
Will there be more data coming for other geographies?
Maybe. This is a work in progress. Also, check out our other building releases!
- US
- Australia
- Canada
- Uganda and Tanzania
- South America
- Kenya and Nigeria
- Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines
Contributing
This project welcomes contributions and suggestions. Most contributions require you to agree to a Contributor License Agreement (CLA) declaring that you have the right to, and actually do, grant us the rights to use your contribution. For details, visit https://cla.microsoft.com.
When you submit a pull request, a CLA-bot will automatically determine whether you need to provide a CLA and decorate the PR appropriately (e.g., label, comment). Simply follow the instructions provided by the bot. You will only need to do this once across all repos using our CLA.
This project has adopted the Microsoft Open Source Code of Conduct. For more information see the Code of Conduct FAQ or contact opencode@microsoft.com with any additional questions or comments.
Legal Notices
Microsoft, Windows, Microsoft Azure and/or other Microsoft products and services referenced in the documentation may be either trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft in the United States and/or other countries. The licenses for this project do not grant you rights to use any Microsoft names, logos, or trademarks. Microsoft's general trademark guidelines can be found here.
Privacy information can be found here.
Microsoft and any contributors reserve all others rights, whether under their respective copyrights, patents, or trademarks, whether by implication, estoppel or otherwise.