This repo contains utilities to manually perform cross-chain atomic swaps between Decred and other cryptocurrencies. At the moment, Bitcoin (Bitcoin Core) and Litecoin (Litecoin Core) are the two other blockchains and wallets supported. Support for other blockchains or wallets could be added in the future.
These tools do not operate solely on-chain. A side-channel is required between each party performing the swap in order to exchange additional data. This side-channel could be as simple as a text chat and copying data. Until a more streamlined implementation of the side channel exists, such as the Lightning Network, these tools suffice as a proof-of-concept for cross-chain atomic swaps and a way for early adopters to try out the technology.
Due to the requirements of manually exchanging data and creating, sending, and watching for the relevant transactions, it is highly recommended to read this README in its entirety before attempting to use these tools. The sections below explain the principles on which the tools operate, the instructions for how to use them safely, and an example swap between Decred and Bitcoin.
Pre-requirements:
- Go 1.9 or later
- dep
- Latest
dcrwalletbuilt from master (fordcratomicswap)
$ cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/decred
$ git clone https://github.com/decred/atomicswap && cd atomicswap
$ dep ensure
$ go install ./cmd/...
A cross-chain swap is a trade between two users of different cryptocurrencies. For example, one party may send Decred to a second party's Decred address, while the second party would send Bitcoin to the first party's Bitcoin address. However, as the blockchains are unrelated and transactions can not be reversed, this provides no protection against one of the parties never honoring their end of the trade. One common solution to this problem is to introduce a mutually-trusted third party for escrow. An atomic cross-chain swap solves this problem without the need for a third party.
Atomic swaps involve each party paying into a contract transaction, one contract for each blockchain. The contracts contain an output that is spendable by either party, but the rules required for redemption are different for each party involved.
One party (called counterparty 1 or the initiator) generates a secret and pays the intended trade amount into a contract transaction. The contract output can be redeemed by the second party (called countryparty 2 or the participant) as long as the secret is known. If a period of time (typically 48 hours) expires after the contract transaction has been mined but has not been redeemed by the participant, the contract output can be refunded back to the initiator's wallet.
For simplicity, we assume the initiator wishes to trade Bitcoin for Decred with the participant. The initiator can also trade Decred for Bitcoin and the steps will be the same, but with each step performed on the other blockchain.
The participant is unable to spend from the initiator's Bitcoin contract at this point because the secret is unknown by them. If the initiator revealed their secret at this point, the participant could spend from the contract without ever honoring their end of the trade.
The participant creates a similar contract transaction to the initiator's but on the Decred blockchain and pays the intended Decred amount into the contract. However, for the initiator to redeem the output, their own secret must be revealed. For the participant to create their contract, the initiator must reveal not the secret, but a cryptographic hash of the secret to the participant. The participant's contract can also be refunded by the participant, but only after half the period of time that the initiator is required to wait before their contract can be refunded (typically 24 hours).
With each side paying into a contract on each blockchain, and each party unable to perform their refund until the allotted time expires, the initiator redeems the participant's Decred contract, thereby revealing the secret to the participant. The secret is then extracted from the initiator's redeeming Decred transaction providing the participant with the ability to redeem the initiator's Bitcoin contract.
This procedure is atomic (with timeout) as it gives each party at least 24 hours to redeem their coins on the other blockchain before a refund can be performed.
The image below provides a visual of the steps each party performs and the transfer of data between each party.
Separate command line utilities are provided to handle the transactions required
to perform a cross-chain atomic swap for each supported blockchain. For a swap
between Bitcoin and Decred, the two utilities btcatomicswap and
dcratomicswap are used. Both tools must be used by both parties performing
the swap.
Different tools may require different flags to use them with the supported
wallet. For example, btcatomicswap includes flags for the RPC username and
password while dcratomicswap does not. Running a tool without any parameters
will show the full usage help.
All of the tools support the same five commands. These commands are:
Commands:
initiate <participant address> <amount>
participate <initiator address> <amount> <secret hash>
redeem <contract> <contract transaction> <secret>
extractsecret <redemption transaction> <secret hash>
auditcontract <contract> <contract transaction>
initiate <participant address> <amount>
The initiate command is performed by the initiator to create the first
contract. The contract is created with a locktime of 48 hours in the future.
This command returns the secret, the secret hash, the contract script, the
contract transaction, and a refund transaction that can be sent after 48 hours
if necessary.
Running this command will prompt for whether to publish the contract transaction. If everything looks correct, the transaction should be published. The refund transaction should be saved in case a refund is required to be made later.
For dcratomicswap, this step prompts for the wallet passphrase. For the btcatomicswap and ltcatomicswap tools the wallet must already be unlocked.
participate <initiator address> <amount> <secret hash>
The participate command is performed by the participant to create a contract
on the second blockchain. It operates similarly to initiate but requires
using the secret hash from the initiator's contract and creates the contract
with a locktime of 24 hours.
Running this command will prompt for whether to publish the contract transaction. If everything looks correct, the transaction should be published. The refund transaction should be saved in case a refund is required to be made later.
For dcratomicswap, this step prompts for the wallet passphrase. For the btcatomicswap and ltcatomicswap tools the wallet must already be unlocked.
redeem <contract> <contract transaction> <secret>
The redeem command is performed by both parties to redeem coins paid into the
contract created by the other party. Redeeming requires the secret and must be
performed by the initiator first. Once the initiator's redemption has been
published, the secret may be extracted from the transaction and the participant
may also redeem their coins.
Running this command will prompt for whether to publish the redemption transaction. If everything looks correct, the transaction should be published.
For dcratomicswap, this step prompts for the wallet passphrase. For the btcatomicswap and ltcatomicswap tools the wallet must already be unlocked.
extractsecret <redemption transaction> <secret hash>
The extractsecret command is used by the participant to extract the secret
from the initiator's redemption transaction. With the secret known, the
participant may claim the coins paid into the initiator's contract.
The secret hash is a required parameter so that "nonstandard" redemption transactions won't confuse the tool and the secret can still be discovered.
auditcontract <contract> <contract transaction>
The auditcontract command inspects a contract script and parses out the
addresses that may claim the output, the locktime, and the secret hash. It also
validates that the contract transaction pays to the contract and reports the
contract output amount. Each party should audit the contract provided by the
other to verify that their address is the recipient address, the output value is
correct, and that the locktime is sensible.
The first step is for both parties to exchange addresses on both blockchains. If party A (the initiator) wishes to trade Bitcoin for Decred, party B (the participant) must provide their Bitcoin address and the initiator must provide the participant their Decred address.
Party A runs:
$ dcrctl --testnet --wallet getnewaddress
TsfWDVTAcsLaHUhHnLLKkGnZuJz2vkmM6Vr
Party B runs:
$ bitcoin-cli -testnet getnewaddress
n31og5QGuS28dmHpDH6PQD5wmVQ2K2spAG
Note: It is normal for neither of these addresses to show any activity on block explorers. They are only used in nonstandard scripts that the block explorers do not recognize.
A initiates the process by using btcatomicswap to pay 1.0 BTC into the Bitcoin
contract using B's Bitcoin address, sending the contract transaction, and
sharing the secret hash (not the secret), contract, and contract transaction
with B. The refund transaction can not be sent until the locktime expires, but
should be saved in case a refund is necessary.
Party A runs:
$ btcatomicswap --testnet --rpcuser=user --rpcpass=pass initiate n31og5QGuS28dmHpDH6PQD5wmVQ2K2spAG 1.0
Secret: 3e0b064c97247732a3b345ce7b2a835d928623cb2871c26db4c2539a38e61a16
Secret hash: 29c36b8dd380e0426bdc1d834e74a630bfd5d111
Contract fee: 0.0000744 BTC (0.00020000 BTC/kB)
Refund fee: 0.00000281 BTC (0.00001018 BTC/kB)
Contract (2MwQAMPeRGdCzFzPy7DmCnQudDVGNBFJK8S):
63a61429c36b8dd380e0426bdc1d834e74a630bfd5d1118876a914ebcf822c4a2cdb5f6a6b9c4a59b74d66461da5816704d728bd59b17576a91406fb26221375b1cbe2c17c14f1bc2510b9f8f8ff6888ac
Contract transaction (346f4901dff1d69197850289b481f4331913126a8886861e7d5f27e837e0fe88):
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
Refund transaction (45c7c175f333981508229f6fa637410fbbf4f086b657035c07adda6a49207e03):
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
Publish contract transaction? [y/N] y
Published contract transaction (346f4901dff1d69197850289b481f4331913126a8886861e7d5f27e837e0fe88)
Once A has initialized the swap, B must audit the contract and contract transaction to verify:
- The recipient address was the BTC address that was provided to A
- The contract value is the expected amount of BTC to receive
- The locktime was set to 48 hours in the future
Party B runs:
$ btcatomicswap --testnet auditcontract 63a61429c36b8dd380e0426bdc1d834e74a630bfd5d1118876a914ebcf822c4a2cdb5f6a6b9c4a59b74d66461da5816704d728bd59b17576a91406fb26221375b1cbe2c17c14f1bc2510b9f8f8ff6888ac 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
Contract address: 2MwQAMPeRGdCzFzPy7DmCnQudDVGNBFJK8S
Contract value: 1 BTC
Recipient address: n31og5QGuS28dmHpDH6PQD5wmVQ2K2spAG
Author's refund address: mg9sDLhfByfAWFo4zq3JZ7nsLfsN59XPue
Secret hash: 29c36b8dd380e0426bdc1d834e74a630bfd5d111
Locktime: 2017-09-16 13:36:23 +0000 UTC
Locktime reached in 47h56m54s
Auditing the contract also reveals the hash of the secret, which is needed for the next step.
Once B trusts the contract, they may participate in the cross-chain atomic swap by paying the intended Decred amount (1.0 in this example) into a Decred contract using the same secret hash. The contract transaction may be published at this point. The refund transaction can not be sent until the locktime expires, but should be saved in case a refund is necessary.
Party B runs:
$ dcratomicswap --testnet participate TsfWDVTAcsLaHUhHnLLKkGnZuJz2vkmM6Vr 1.0 29c36b8dd380e0426bdc1d834e74a630bfd5d111
Passphrase:
Contract fee: 0.000251 DCR (0.00100400 DCR/kB)
Refund fee: 0.000301 DCR (0.00100669 DCR/kB)
Contract (TcZpybEVDVTuoE3TCBxW3ui12YEZWrw5ccS):
63a61429c36b8dd380e0426bdc1d834e74a630bfd5d1118876a9149ee19833332a04d2be97b5c99c970191221c070c6704e6dabb59b17576a914b0ec0640c89cf803b8fdbd6e0183c354f71748c46888ac
Contract transaction (a51a7ebc178731016f897684e8e6fbbd65798a84d0a0bd78fe2b53b8384fd918):
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
Refund transaction (836288fa26bbce52342c8569ca4e0db7dec81b2187eb453c1fd5c5d06838f60a):
000000000118d94f38b8532bfe78bda0d0848a7965bdfbe6e88476896f01318717bc7e1aa5010000000000000000016c6bf5050000000000001976a9140b4dae42b84dbad7b7e35f61602cb6a2393f0ae088ace6dabb590000000001ffffffffffffffff00000000ffffffffbe47304402201bd55803eae6de4ea19c618060f82c38e9ca04047c346dc7025f54d8276f13f602205cdf104db74563559e570f186cbc68549d623618b96c7ec971d1a996dab78fbd01210244e4e75a9318ac06656d145c3d3205b2f4f25615698f458e80233c4bb78c91ac004c5163a61429c36b8dd380e0426bdc1d834e74a630bfd5d1118876a9149ee19833332a04d2be97b5c99c970191221c070c6704e6dabb59b17576a914b0ec0640c89cf803b8fdbd6e0183c354f71748c46888ac
Publish contract transaction? [y/N] y
Published contract transaction (a51a7ebc178731016f897684e8e6fbbd65798a84d0a0bd78fe2b53b8384fd918)
B now informs A that the Decred contract transaction has been created and published, and provides the contract details to A.
Just as B needed to audit A's contract before locking their coins in a contract, A must do the same with B's contract before withdrawing from the contract. B audits the contract and contract transaction to verify:
- The recipient address was the DCR address that was provided to B
- The contract value is the expected amount of DCR to receive
- The locktime was set to 24 hours in the future
- The secret hash matches the value previously known
Party A runs:
$ dcratomicswap --testnet auditcontract 63a61429c36b8dd380e0426bdc1d834e74a630bfd5d1118876a9149ee19833332a04d2be97b5c99c970191221c070c6704e6dabb59b17576a914b0ec0640c89cf803b8fdbd6e0183c354f71748c46888ac 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
Contract address: TcZpybEVDVTuoE3TCBxW3ui12YEZWrw5ccS
Contract value: 1 DCR
Recipient address: TsfWDVTAcsLaHUhHnLLKkGnZuJz2vkmM6Vr
Author's refund address: Tsh9c9aytRaDcbLLxDRcQDRx66aXATh28R3
Secret hash: 29c36b8dd380e0426bdc1d834e74a630bfd5d111
Locktime: 2017-09-15 13:51:34 +0000 UTC
Locktime reached in 23h58m10s
Now that both parties have paid into their respective contracts, A may withdraw from the Decred contract. This step involves publishing a transaction which reveals the secret to B, allowing B to withdraw from the Bitcoin contract.
Party A runs:
$ dcratomicswap --testnet redeem 63a61429c36b8dd380e0426bdc1d834e74a630bfd5d1118876a9149ee19833332a04d2be97b5c99c970191221c070c6704e6dabb59b17576a914b0ec0640c89cf803b8fdbd6e0183c354f71748c46888ac 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 3e0b064c97247732a3b345ce7b2a835d928623cb2871c26db4c2539a38e61a16
Passphrase:
Redeem fee: 0.000334 DCR (0.00100300 DCR/kB)
Redeem transaction (53c2e8bafb8fe36d54bbb1884141a39ea4da83db30bdf3c98ef420cdb332b0e7):
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
Publish redeem transaction? [y/N] y
Published redeem transaction (53c2e8bafb8fe36d54bbb1884141a39ea4da83db30bdf3c98ef420cdb332b0e7)
Now that A has withdrawn from the Decred contract and revealed the secret, B must extract the secret from this redemption transaction. B may watch a block explorer to see when the Decred contract output was spent and look up the redeeming transaction.
Party B runs:
$ dcratomicswap --testnet extractsecret 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 29c36b8dd380e0426bdc1d834e74a630bfd5d111
Secret: 3e0b064c97247732a3b345ce7b2a835d928623cb2871c26db4c2539a38e61a16
With the secret known, B may redeem from A's Bitcoin contract.
Party B runs:
$ btcatomicswap --testnet --rpcuser=user --rpcpass=pass redeem 63a61429c36b8dd380e0426bdc1d834e74a630bfd5d1118876a914ebcf822c4a2cdb5f6a6b9c4a59b74d66461da5816704d728bd59b17576a91406fb26221375b1cbe2c17c14f1bc2510b9f8f8ff6888ac 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 3e0b064c97247732a3b345ce7b2a835d928623cb2871c26db4c2539a38e61a16
Redeem fee: 0.00000314 BTC (0.00001016 BTC/kB)
Redeem transaction (c49e6fd0057b601dbb8856ad7b3fcb45df626696772f6901482b08df0333e5a0):
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
Publish redeem transaction? [y/N] y
Published redeem transaction (c49e6fd0057b601dbb8856ad7b3fcb45df626696772f6901482b08df0333e5a0)
The cross-chain atomic swap is now completed and successful. This example was performed on the public Bitcoin and Decred testnet blockchains. For reference, here are the four transactions involved:
| Description | Transaction |
|---|---|
| Bitcoin contract created by A | 346f4901dff1d69197850289b481f4331913126a8886861e7d5f27e837e0fe88 |
| Decred contract created by B | a51a7ebc178731016f897684e8e6fbbd65798a84d0a0bd78fe2b53b8384fd918 |
| A's Decred redemption | 53c2e8bafb8fe36d54bbb1884141a39ea4da83db30bdf3c98ef420cdb332b0e7 |
| B's Bitcoin redemption | c49e6fd0057b601dbb8856ad7b3fcb45df626696772f6901482b08df0333e5a0 |
If at any point either party attempts to fraud (e.g. creating an invalid contract, not revealing the secret and refunding, etc.) both parties have the ability to issue the refund transaction created in the initiate/participate step and refund the contract.
Several steps require working with a raw transaction published by the other
party. While the transactions can sometimes be looked up from a local node
using the getrawtransaction JSON-RPC, this method can be unreliable since the
set of queryable transactions depends on the current UTXO set (bitcoind,
litecoind) or may require the transaction index to be enabled (dcrd).
Another method of discovering these transactions is to use a public blockchain explorer. Not all explorers expose this info through the main user interface so the API endpoints may need to be used instead.
For Insight-based block explorers, such as the Bitcoin block explorer on
[test-]insight.bitpay.com, the Litecoin block explorer on
{insight,testnet}.litecore.io, and the Decred block explorer on
{mainnet,testnet}.decred.org, the API endpoint /api/rawtx/<txhash> can be used
to return a JSON object containing the raw transaction. For example, here are
links to the four raw transactions published in the example:
| Description | Link to raw transaction |
|---|---|
| Bitcoin contract created by A | https://test-insight.bitpay.com/api/rawtx/346f4901dff1d69197850289b481f4331913126a8886861e7d5f27e837e0fe88 |
| Decred contract created by B | https://testnet.decred.org/api/rawtx/a51a7ebc178731016f897684e8e6fbbd65798a84d0a0bd78fe2b53b8384fd918 |
| A's Decred redemption | https://testnet.decred.org/api/rawtx/53c2e8bafb8fe36d54bbb1884141a39ea4da83db30bdf3c98ef420cdb332b0e7 |
| B's Bitcoin redemption | https://test-insight.bitpay.com/api/rawtx/c49e6fd0057b601dbb8856ad7b3fcb45df626696772f6901482b08df0333e5a0 |
| Description | Link to raw transaction |
|---|---|
| Decred contract created by A | fdd72f5841414a9c8b4a188a98a4d484df98f84e1c120e1ed59a66e51e8ae90c |
| Litecoin contract created by B | 550d1b2851f6f104e380aa3c2810ac272f8b6918140547c9717a78b1f4ff3469 |
| A's Litecoin redemption | 6c27cffab8a86f1b3be1ebe7acfbbbdcb82542c5cfe7880fcca60eab36747037 |
| B's Decred redemption | 49245425967b7e39c1eb27d261c7fe972675cccacff19ae9cc21f434ccddd986 |
These tools are licensed under the copyfree ISC License.