- Python syntax
- Variables and data types
- Conditional statements
- Loops
- Functions
- Modules and packages
- Object-oriented programming
- File I/O
- Error handling
- Database integration
- Web development frameworks (e.g., Django, Flask)
- Data analysis and visualization libraries (e.g., NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib)
- Testing and debugging
- Concurrency and parallelism
- Machine learning and artificial intelligence