PyCRS is a pure Python GIS package for reading, writing, and converting between various common coordinate reference system (CRS) string and data source formats.
- Introduction
- Status
- Changes
- Dependencies
- Installation
- Examples
- Recipes
- Testing
- License
- Credits
Python should have a standalone GIS library focused solely on coordinate reference system metadata. That is, a library focused on the various formats used to store and represent crs definitions, including OGC WKT, ESRI WKT, Proj4, and various short-codes defined by organizations like EPSG, ESRI, and SR-ORG. Correctly parsing and converting between these formats is essential in many types of GIS work. For instance when trying to use PyProj to transform coordinates from a non-proj4 crs format. Or when wanting to convert the crs from a GeoJSON file to a .prj file. Or when simply adding a crs definition to a file that was previously missing one.
When I created PyCRS, the only way to read and convert between crs formats was to use the extensive Python GDAL suite and its srs submodule, but the requirements of some applications might exclude the use of GDAL. There have also been some online websites/services, but these only allow partial lookups or one-way conversion from one format to another. I therefore hope that PyCRS will make it easier for lightweight applications to read a broader range of data files and correctly interpret and possibly transform their crs definitions. Written entirely in Python I also hope it will help clarify the differences between the various formats, and make it easier for more people to help keep it up-to-date and bug-free.
Currently, the supported formats are OGC WKT (v1), ESRI WKT, Proj4, and any EPSG, ESRI, or SR-ORG code available from spatialreference.org. In the future I hope to add support for OGC URN identifier strings, and GeoTIFF file tags.
There are still some cases where PyCRS does not perfectly parse or convert between all crs formats, based on (hopefully mostly cosmetic) differences from the results of other parsers like GDAL. In the source repository there is a tester.py script, which uses a barrage of commonly used crs as listed on http://www.remotesensing.org/geotiff/proj_list/. Currently, the overall success rate for loading as well as converting between the three main formats is 80-90%, and visual inspections of rendering the world with each crs generally look correct. However, whether the converted crs strings are logically equivalent to each other from a mathematical standpoint is something that needs a more detailed quality check.
- Add search functions to lookup epsg.io
- Add to_epsg_code() method from, based on prj2epsg.org (#47, @fitoprincipe)
- Switch to using epsg.io when looking up epsg codes
- Fix broken spatialreference link by switching to SSL
- Added Clarke 1880 ellipsoid
- Use default datum ellipsoid when ellipsoid not specified
- Better warning and error when proj4 ellipsoid cannot be found
- Misc bug fixes
- Misc docstring changes
- More flexible parsing, in case projection is not the second element
- More informative exceptions
- API Changes:
- Dropping CRS wrapper class, instead handling GeogCS or ProjCS directly
- Change module names to load.py, and parse.py
- Move Ellipsoid, Datum, and Projection to their respective modules
- Allow proj4 input and output as dict
- Fixes:
- Added more documentation
- Fix +f interpretation
- Include reading +rf parameter
- Better ellipsoid support for +a and +b
- Fix Python 3 bugs
- Fix proj4 standard parallels being ignored
- Parse WKT CS names which were ignored before
- Support for prime meridian city names
- Fixed various bugs
- Pip install fix for Mac and Linux
- Python 3 compatability
- First official release
Pure Python, no dependencies. Python 2 and 3 compatible.
PyCRS is installed with pip from the commandline:
pip install pycrs
It also works to just place the "pycrs" package folder in an importable location like "PythonXX/Lib/site-packages".
Begin by importing the pycrs module:
>>> import pycrs
PyCRS uses different types of CS classes to represent and handle all coordinate reference systems. To create one you can either load it from a source, parse it from a string, look up from a CRS code, or build it from scratch. Let's review these different ways of creating a CS type instance.
If you know the crs information is located in some external source, PyCRS provides some convenient functions for loading these, all located in the "pycrs.load" module.
In most situations this will mean reading the ESRI .prj file that accomponies a shapefile. PyCRS has a convenience function for doing that:
>>> crs = pycrs.load.from_file("testfiles/natearth.prj")
The same function also supports reading the crs from GeoJSON files:
>>> crs = pycrs.load.from_file("testfiles/cshapes.geo.json")
If your crs is not defined in a file, but rather as plain text on a webpage, there is also a function for that:
>>> crs = pycrs.load.from_url("http://spatialreference.org/ref/esri/54030/ogcwkt/")
In many cases however, you may already have the string representation in your code. This could be if you are interoperating with other libraries, or you have already read it from some external source. In these cases, you can create the CS type instance by using the functions available in the "pycrs.parse" module.
To create the CS type instance from a proj4 string, you can do like this:
>>> proj4 = "+proj=robin +lon_0=0 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +ellps=WGS84 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs"
>>> crs = pycrs.parse.from_proj4(proj4)
Or if your proj4 string is represented as a dict:
>>> proj4_as_dict = dict(proj='robin', lon_0=0, x_0=0, y_0=0, ellps='WGS84', datum='WGS84', units='m')
>>> crs = pycrs.parse.from_proj4(proj4_as_dict)
The ESRI WKT format is the format typically found in a shapefile's .prj file. If you have already loaded it from a file, you can parse it like this:
>>> esri_wkt = 'PROJCS["World_Robinson",GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["D_WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["Degree",0.017453292519943295]],PROJECTION["Robinson"],PARAMETER["False_Easting",0],PARAMETER["False_Northing",0],PARAMETER["Central_Meridian",0],UNIT["Meter",1]]'
>>> crs = pycrs.parse.from_esri_wkt(esri_wkt)
The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) WKT format is a newer variant of the ESRI WKT. There are only minor differences, but will likely be more supported in the future. If you already have it as a string, you can parse it like this:
>>> ogc_wkt = 'PROJCS["World_Robinson",GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["Degree",0.017453292519943295]],PROJECTION["Robinson"],PARAMETER["False_Easting",0],PARAMETER["False_Northing",0],PARAMETER["Central_Meridian",0],UNIT["Meter",1],AUTHORITY["EPSG","54030"]]'
>>> crs = pycrs.parse.from_ogc_wkt(ogc_wkt)
Finally, if you do not know the format of the crs string, you can also let PyCRS autodetect and parse the crs type for you:
>>> for unknown in [proj4, esri_wkt, ogc_wkt]:
... crs = pycrs.parse.from_unknown_text(unknown)
Another common way to store a coordinate system is through a lookup code that is available for many of the more commonly used ones. Multiple different agencies have defined their own sets of codes.
To look up codes defined by EPSG:
>>> crs = pycrs.parse.from_epsg_code(4326)
To look up codes defined by ESRI:
>>> crs = pycrs.parse.from_esri_code(54030)
To look up codes defined by spatialreference.org:
>>> crs = pycrs.parse.from_sr_code(42)
Finally, if you don't know the specific code or definition of a particular crs there's also search functions to look it up on the epsg.io website. For instance, if you want to use the Robinson projection but not sure how to load it, you could interactively search and inspect the potential matches:
>>> for match in pycrs.utils.search_name('robinson'):
... # do something
... pass
Similarly, if you need to know which projection would be suitable for a particular country, you could search for that as well:
>>> for match in pycrs.utils.search_area('brazil'):
... # do something
... pass
You could also do a custom search using various specifiers, such as a projection in a particular area (the full list of specifiers is available at https://github.com/maptiler/epsg.io):
>>> for match in pycrs.utils.search('name:utm area:belgium'):
... # do something
... pass
The search match results include the epsg code, proj4, and wkt representations, any of which could be used to load a CS instance:
>>> topmatch = next(pycrs.utils.search_name('wgs 84'))
>>> crs = pycrs.parse.from_proj4(topmatch['proj4'])
Once you have loaded, parsed, looked up, or created a coordinate reference system, you end up with one of the CS type instances in the pycrs.cs module. All CS types are subclasses of pycrs.CS:
>>> isinstance(crs, pycrs.CS)
True
PyCRS currently only supports the two most common types of CS, geographic or projected.
A geographic reference system keeps coordinates in the latitude-longitude space, and the reason we specify it is because there are different ways of defining the shape of the earth. As an example, let's load the commonly used WGS84 geographic coordinate system:
>>> crs = pycrs.parse.from_epsg_code(4326)
If it loaded correctly you should now have a pycrs.GeogCS instance, which you can also check through the cs_type attribute:
>>> isinstance(crs, pycrs.GeogCS)
True
>>> crs.cs_type
'Geographic'
Through the GeogCS instance, we can further access its subcomponents and parameters. For instance, if we wanted to check the datum we could do:
>>> datum = crs.datum
>>> isinstance(datum, pycrs.elements.datums.WGS84)
True
Or the inverse flattening factor of the ellipsoid:
>>> ellips = crs.datum.ellips
>>> ellips.inv_flat.value
298.257223563
For more ideas on how to inspect the GeogCS instance, the following overview gives an idea of the composition and attributes of a geographic CS:
- pycrs.GeogCS
name-> stringdatum-> a datum from pycrs.elements.datumsname-> pycrs.elements.datums.DatumNameproj4-> stringesri_wkt-> stringogc_wkt-> string
ellips-> an ellipsoid from pycrs.elements.ellipsoidsname-> pycrs.elements.ellipsoids.EllipsoidNameproj4-> stringesri_wkt-> stringogc_wkt-> string
semimaj_ax-> pycrs.elements.parameters.SemiMajorRadiusvalue-> float
semimin_ax-> (optional) pycrs.elements.parameters.SemiMinorRadiusvalue-> float
flat-> (optional) pycrs.elements.parameters.Flatteningvalue-> float
inv_flat-> (optional) pycrs.elements.parameters.InverseFlatteningvalue-> float
datumshift-> (optional) pycrs.elements.parameters.DatumShift or None
prime_mer-> pycrs.elements.parameters.PrimeMeridianvalue-> float
angunit-> an angular unit from pycrs.elements.units, eg Degreeunitname-> pycrs.elements.units.UnitNameproj4-> stringesri_wkt-> stringogc_wkt-> string
unitmultiplier-> pycrs.elements.units.UnitMultipliervalue-> float
twin_ax-> tuple- 1: a named compass direction (east-west) from pycrs.elements.directions
- 2: a named compass direction (north-south) from pycrs.elements.directions
A projected reference system keeps coordinates in projected x-y space. In addition to defining the shape of the earth through a child GeogCS, the projected reference system defines some additional parameters in order to transform the coordinates to a wide variety of map types. Let's take the commonly used World Robinson projected coordinate system as our example:
>>> crs = pycrs.parse.from_esri_code(54030)
If it loaded correctly you should now have a pycrs.ProjCS instance, which you can also check through the cs_type attribute:
>>> isinstance(crs, pycrs.ProjCS)
True
>>> crs.cs_type
'Projected'
Through the ProjCS instance, we can further access its subcomponents and parameters. For instance, if we wanted to check the named projection we could do:
>>> proj = crs.proj
>>> isinstance(proj, pycrs.elements.projections.Robinson)
True
Or check the type of coordinate unit:
>>> unit = crs.unit
>>> isinstance(unit, pycrs.elements.units.Meter)
True
For more ideas on how to inspect the ProjCS instance, the following overview gives an idea of the composition and attributes of a projected CS:
- pycrs.ProjCS
name-> stringgeogcs-> pycrs.GeogCS (See the section on geographic CS...)proj-> a projection from pycrs.elements.projectionsname-> pycrs.elements.projections.ProjNameproj4-> stringesri_wkt-> stringogc_wkt-> string
params-> list- 1: named parameters from pycrs.elements.parameters
- 2: named parameters from pycrs.elements.parameters
- 3: ...
- n: named parameters from pycrs.elements.parameters
unit-> a unit from pycrs.elements.unitsunitname-> pycrs.elements.units.UnitNameproj4-> stringesri_wkt-> stringogc_wkt-> string
unitmultiplier-> pycrs.elements.units.UnitMultipliervalue-> float
twin_ax-> tuple- 1: a named compass direction (east-west) from pycrs.elements.directions
- 2: a named compass direction (north-south) from pycrs.elements.directions
Once you have read the crs of the original data source, you may want to convert it to some other crs format. PyCRS allows converting to the following CRS formats:
# as a string
>>> crs.to_proj4()
'+proj=robin +datum=WGS84 +ellps=WGS84 +a=6378137.0 +rf=298.257223563 +pm=0 +lon_0=0 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +units=m +axis=enu +no_defs'
# or as a dict
>>> isinstance(crs.to_proj4(as_dict=True), dict)
True
>>> crs.to_esri_wkt()
'PROJCS["Unknown", GEOGCS["Unknown", DATUM["D_WGS_1984", SPHEROID["WGS_1984", 6378137.0, 298.257223563]], PRIMEM["Greenwich", 0], UNIT["Degree", 0.017453292519943295], AXIS["Lon", EAST], AXIS["Lat", NORTH]], PROJECTION["Robinson"], PARAMETER["Central_Meridian", 0], PARAMETER["False_Easting", 0], PARAMETER["False_Northing", 0], UNIT["Meter", 1.0], AXIS["X", EAST], AXIS["Y", NORTH]]'
>>> crs.to_ogc_wkt()
'PROJCS["Unknown", GEOGCS["Unknown", DATUM["WGS_1984", SPHEROID["WGS_1984", 6378137.0, 298.257223563]], PRIMEM["Greenwich", 0], UNIT["degree", 0.017453292519943295], AXIS["Lon", EAST], AXIS["Lat", NORTH]], PROJECTION["Robinson"], PARAMETER["Central_Meridian", 0], PARAMETER["false_easting", 0], PARAMETER["false_northing", 0], UNIT["Meters", 1.0], AXIS["X", EAST], AXIS["Y", NORTH]]'
Just as it's possible to load the crs from predefined coordinate system codes defined by various authorities, it's also sometimes needed to lookup and represent the crs as a coordinate system code, if it exists.
Currently, this is only implemented for looking up the EPSG code. This searches the crs wkt representation on prj2epsg.org and returns the EPSG code of the first result, or None if the wkt does not have an associated EPSG code.
# to epsg code
>>> crs = pycrs.parse.from_epsg_code(4326)
>>> crs.to_epsg_code()
4326
Because a crs definition can have many variations, looking up its coordinate system code might yield multiple possible matches, in which case a warning is raised. For more control to choose the right match, a wkt search utility is also available that returns all possible matches with metadata:
# more flexible utility search for epsg code
>>> crs = pycrs.parse.from_sr_code(42)
>>> results = pycrs.utils.wkt_to_epsg(crs.to_esri_wkt())
# display the top match info
>>> topmatch = results['codes'][0]
>>> topmatch['code']
'3857'
>>> topmatch['name']
'WGS 84 / Pseudo-Mercator'
In most case you will only ever need to load a CRS and convert it to some format. Sometimes, however, you may want to tweak the parameters of your CS type instance. Knowing the composition of your CS type instance, this is as easy as setting/replacing the desired attributes.
Let's demonstrate some examples using the World Robinson projection:
>>> crs = pycrs.parse.from_esri_code(54030) # Robinson projection from esri code
>>> crs.to_ogc_wkt()
'PROJCS["Unknown", GEOGCS["Unknown", DATUM["WGS_1984", SPHEROID["WGS_1984", 6378137.0, 298.257223563]], PRIMEM["Greenwich", 0], UNIT["degree", 0.017453292519943295], AXIS["Lon", EAST], AXIS["Lat", NORTH]], PROJECTION["Robinson"], PARAMETER["Central_Meridian", 0], PARAMETER["false_easting", 0], PARAMETER["false_northing", 0], UNIT["Meters", 1.0], AXIS["X", EAST], AXIS["Y", NORTH]]'
Here is a map of the default Robinson projection:
Let's say we wanted to switch its datum from WGS84 to NAD83, we could do it like so:
>>> crs.geogcs.datum = pycrs.elements.datums.NAD83()
>>> crs.to_ogc_wkt()
'PROJCS["Unknown", GEOGCS["Unknown", DATUM["North_American_Datum_1983", SPHEROID["GRS_1980", 6378137.0, 298.257222101]], PRIMEM["Greenwich", 0], UNIT["degree", 0.017453292519943295], AXIS["Lon", EAST], AXIS["Lat", NORTH]], PROJECTION["Robinson"], PARAMETER["Central_Meridian", 0], PARAMETER["false_easting", 0], PARAMETER["false_northing", 0], UNIT["Meters", 1.0], AXIS["X", EAST], AXIS["Y", NORTH]]'
Or let's say we wanted to switch its prime meridian, so that the longitude axis is centered closer to the Pacific instead of over Greenwhich:
>>> crs.geogcs.prime_mer.value = 160.0
>>> crs.to_ogc_wkt()
'PROJCS["Unknown", GEOGCS["Unknown", DATUM["North_American_Datum_1983", SPHEROID["GRS_1980", 6378137.0, 298.257222101]], PRIMEM["Greenwich", 160], UNIT["degree", 0.017453292519943295], AXIS["Lon", EAST], AXIS["Lat", NORTH]], PROJECTION["Robinson"], PARAMETER["Central_Meridian", 0], PARAMETER["false_easting", 0], PARAMETER["false_northing", 0], UNIT["Meters", 1.0], AXIS["X", EAST], AXIS["Y", NORTH]]'
And here is what that map would look like (the odd-looking lines is just a rendering issue due to polygons that cross the meridian):
Or if we just switch the projection type alltogether:
>>> crs.proj = pycrs.elements.projections.Sinusoidal()
>>> crs.to_ogc_wkt()
'PROJCS["Unknown", GEOGCS["Unknown", DATUM["North_American_Datum_1983", SPHEROID["GRS_1980", 6378137.0, 298.257222101]], PRIMEM["Greenwich", 160], UNIT["degree", 0.017453292519943295], AXIS["Lon", EAST], AXIS["Lat", NORTH]], PROJECTION["Sinusoidal"], PARAMETER["Central_Meridian", 0], PARAMETER["false_easting", 0], PARAMETER["false_northing", 0], UNIT["Meters", 1.0], AXIS["X", EAST], AXIS["Y", NORTH]]'
A common reason for wanting to convert between CRS formats, is if you want to transform coordinates from one coordinate system to another. In Python this is typically done with the PyProj module, which only takes proj4 format. Using PyCRS we can easily define the original coordinate system that we want to convert and get its proj4 representation:
>>> fromcrs = pycrs.parse.from_epsg_code(4326) # WGS84 projection from epsg code
>>> fromcrs_proj4 = fromcrs.to_proj4()
We can then use PyCRS to define our target projection from the format of your choice, before converting it to the proj4 format that PyProj expects:
>>> tocrs = pycrs.parse.from_esri_code(54030) # Robinson projection from esri code
>>> tocrs_proj4 = tocrs.to_proj4()
With the source and target projections defined in the proj4 crs format, we are ready to transform our data coordinates with PyProj:
>>> import pyproj
>>> fromproj = pyproj.Proj(fromcrs_proj4)
>>> toproj = pyproj.Proj(tocrs_proj4)
>>> lng,lat = -76.7075, 37.2707 # Williamsburg, Virginia :)
>>> pyproj.transform(fromproj, toproj, lng, lat)
(-6766170.001635834, 3985755.032695593)
After you transform your data coordinates you may also wish to save the data back to file along with the new crs. With PyCRS you can do this in a variety of crs format. For instance, to write a shapefile .prj file:
>>> with open("testfiles/shapefile.prj", "w") as writer:
... _ = writer.write(tocrs.to_esri_wkt())
The testing suite is still a work in progress and is spread across multiple files. The files testdocs.py (the official doctests) and testbatch.py (tests and renders a batch of projections) can be run from the prompt:
python testdocs.py
python testbatch.py
The test files have a few dependent python packages that will need to be installed to fully work:
- pyproj - cartographic projection and coordinate system transformation, python wrapper PROJ.4 C library
- PyAgg - Aggdraw wrapper for lightweight drawing
- PyGeoj - geojson reader/writer
This code is free to share, use, reuse, and modify according to the MIT license, see license.txt
- Karim Bahgat
- Micah Cochrain
- Mike Kittridge
- Roger Lew
- Gregory Halvorsen
- M Clark
- David Hoese
- Rodrigo E. Principe