Z2IO

To the inquisitive minds seeking to understand the internal mechanisms. See the slides

An implementation of IO monad to mimic the likes of ZIO and cats-effect. The aim of this project is educational, the implementation is meant to be simple and easy to understand whilst also having the key features offered by complete IO monad frameworks.

Z2IO is smaller than Cats Effect (300 vs. 30K+ lines of code), making it an ideal starting point to learn the internal.

The main concepts to be discussed in this document are:

Scheduler
- Preemptive vs cooperative multithreading
- M:N scheduler
- Fibers vs kernel (JVM) threads
- Asynchronous boundary
- Semantic blocking
Functional programming
- Free monad (IO instances are only ADTs and interpreted by the runloop)
- Trampoline
- Continuation passing style for async operation

What's in a name?

Z2IO is not ZIO2. It's also not a playful recursive acronym like GNU's "GNU is Not UNIX". Z2IO stands for "Zero to IO," signifying the journey of development from scratch to a fully-fledged IO framework.

Main functionality

How it is being used in Main.scala and unit test Here's a quick overview of the key features.

import org.lamedh.z2io.core.Z2IO.IO
import scala.concurrent.Future
import scala.concurrent.ExecutionContext.Implicits.global
import scala.util.Failure
import scala.util.Success

val io = for {
  _ <- IO.pure(5)   // Wraps an existing value into IO.
  _ <- IO(launch()) // Side effects can be wrapped with delay. The wrapped expression will be when the IO is run.
  _ <- IO.async[Unit] { cb => // IO.async can be used to wrap an async operation.
        launchAsync().onComplete {
          case Success(v) => cb(Right(v))
          case Failure(t) => cb(Left(t))
        }
      }
  _ <- IO.fromFuture(launchAsync())    // Does the exact same thing as previous operation

  five <- IO(throw new Exception("Boom")) // Exception is caught during the IO evaluation.
         .handleError(_ => 5)             // Then it's handled with a constant 5.

  // both of the following operations will be executed in parallel
  f1 <- IO.fork(calculatePi)
  f2 <- IO.fork(calculateE)
  // join operation will wait for the completion of the forked operation
  pi <- f1.join
  e  <- f2.join

  _ <- IO.never     // this makes our io never reach completion
} yield ()

Up until this point, no magic has happened yet, since for comprehension is only a syntactic sugar for calling flatMap and map. The code only constructs Map and Flatmap case classes. In fact, every operator inside IO (except something that has unsafe and run) is only composing the IO with "dummy" case classes such as Pure, Delay, Async, Map. That is, without an interpreter which can interpret our dummy data structures, our composed io is useless. Executing io.unsafeRunSync() amongst others, will put the composed io into the interpreter and start the execution.

Let's see what the construction looks like by printing it.

println(io)

The above statement prints:

Flatmap(Pure(5),org.lamedh.Main$$$Lambda$)

Note that the printed structure is incomplete because it should also contain Map, Delay, Async, and HandleError. The fact that the printed structure is incomplete is interesting because the lambda parameter inside the nested flatMap hasn't been evaluated yet. In a different context, the incomplete structure is also what makes trampolining possible.

Run the io by wrapping it with a fiber, then run its run method:

import org.lamedh.z2io.core.Fiber
val fiber = Fiber(io)
fiber.unsafeRunSync()

Fiber owns the runloop which will interpret all of the structures constructed in the previous for comprehension. If async boundary is hit, it's blocked until the async handler is finished. Since IO.never is also incorporated, this will block the main thread forever.

Other important concepts are semantic blocking and yielding. The IO.sleep below won't block the current thread since it internally uses ScheduledExecutorService to schedules the continuation.

object Main extends IOApp {

  def log(msg: String) = IO(println(s"${Thread.currentThread().getName}: $msg"))
 
  def run(args: Array[String]): IO[Unit] =
    for {
      _ <- log("Hello") *> IO.shift *> log("world")
      _ <- log("Wait 1 second") *> IO.sleep(1.second) *> log("Thanks for waiting!")
    } yield ()
}

Acknowledgments

Special thanks to Fabio Labella GitHub / Gitter who delivered a good presentation about Cats Effect internal.

Built with NeoVim and metals. Proudly crafted without an IDE :)

arinal/Z2IO

Z2IO

Main functionality

Acknowledgments