Backups are good for you. Most people learn this the hard way (including me).
Nowadays my Linux laptop automatically creates a full system snapshot every
four hours by pushing changed files to an rsync daemon running on the server
in my home network and creating a snapshot afterwards using the cp -al
command (the article Easy Automated Snapshot-Style Backups with Linux and
Rsync explains the basic technique). The server has a second disk attached
which asynchronously copies from the main disk so that a single disk failure
doesn't wipe all of my backups (the "time delayed replication" aspect has also
proven to be very useful).
Okay, cool, now I have backups of everything, up to date and going back in time! But I'm running through disk space like crazy... A proper deduplicating filesystem would be awesome but I'm running crappy consumer grade hardware and e.g. ZFS has not been a good experience in the past. So I'm going to have to delete backups...
Deleting backups is never nice, but an easy and proper rotation scheme can help a lot. I wanted to keep things manageable so I wrote a Python script to do it for me. Over the years I actually wrote several variants. Because I kept copy/pasting these scripts around I decided to bring the main features together in a properly documented Python package and upload it to the Python Package Index.
The rotate-backups package is currently tested on cPython 2.7, 3.5+ and PyPy (2.7). It's tested on Linux and Mac OS X and may work on other unixes but definitely won't work on Windows right now.
- Dry run mode
- Use it. I'm serious. If you don't and rotate-backups eats more backups than intended you have no right to complain ;-)
- Flexible rotation
- Rotation with any combination of hourly, daily, weekly, monthly and yearly retention periods.
- Fuzzy timestamp matching in filenames
The modification times of the files and/or directories are not relevant. If you speak Python regular expressions, here is how the fuzzy matching works:
# Required components. (?P<year>\d{4}) \D? (?P<month>\d{2}) \D? (?P<day>\d{2}) \D? ( # Optional components. (?P<hour>\d{2}) \D? (?P<minute>\d{2}) \D? (?P<second>\d{2})? )?If your files are for example suffixed with UNIX timestamps, you can specify a regular expression exposing a named capture group
unixtimelike this:# Use UNIX timestamps (?P<unixtime>\d+)
- All actions are logged
- Log messages are saved to the system log (e.g.
/var/log/syslog) so you can retrace what happened when something seems to have gone wrong.
The rotate-backups package is available on PyPI which means installation should be as simple as:
$ pip install rotate-backupsThere's actually a multitude of ways to install Python packages (e.g. the per user site-packages directory, virtual environments or just installing system wide) and I have no intention of getting into that discussion here, so if this intimidates you then read up on your options before returning to these instructions ;-).
There are two ways to use the rotate-backups package: As the command line
program rotate-backups and as a Python API. For details about the Python
API please refer to the API documentation available on Read the Docs. The
command line interface is described below.
Usage: rotate-backups [OPTIONS] [DIRECTORY, ..]
Easy rotation of backups based on the Python package by the same name.
To use this program you specify a rotation scheme via (a combination of) the
--hourly, --daily, --weekly, --monthly and/or --yearly options and the
directory (or directories) containing backups to rotate as one or more
positional arguments.
You can rotate backups on a remote system over SSH by prefixing a DIRECTORY with an SSH alias and separating the two with a colon (similar to how rsync accepts remote locations).
Instead of specifying directories and a rotation scheme on the command line you
can also add them to a configuration file. For more details refer to the online
documentation (see also the --config option).
Please use the --dry-run option to test the effect of the specified rotation
scheme before letting this program loose on your precious backups! If you don't
test the results using the dry run mode and this program eats more backups than
intended you have no right to complain ;-).
Supported options:
| Option | Description |
|---|---|
-M, --minutely=COUNT |
In a literal sense this option sets the number of "backups per minute" to
preserve during rotation. For most use cases that doesn't make a lot of
sense :-) but you can combine the --minutely and --relaxed options to
preserve more than one backup per hour. Refer to the usage of the -H,
--hourly option for details about COUNT. |
-H, --hourly=COUNT |
Set the number of hourly backups to preserve during rotation:
|
-d, --daily=COUNT |
Set the number of daily backups to preserve during rotation. Refer to the
usage of the -H, --hourly option for details about COUNT. |
-w, --weekly=COUNT |
Set the number of weekly backups to preserve during rotation. Refer to the
usage of the -H, --hourly option for details about COUNT. |
-m, --monthly=COUNT |
Set the number of monthly backups to preserve during rotation. Refer to the
usage of the -H, --hourly option for details about COUNT. |
-y, --yearly=COUNT |
Set the number of yearly backups to preserve during rotation. Refer to the
usage of the -H, --hourly option for details about COUNT. |
-t, --timestamp-pattern=PATTERN |
Customize the regular expression pattern that is used to match and extract
timestamps from filenames. PATTERN is expected to be a Python compatible
regular expression that must define a named capture group 'unixtime' or the
named capture groups 'year', 'month' and 'day' and may define 'hour',
'minute' and 'second'. |
-I, --include=PATTERN |
Only process backups that match the shell pattern given by PATTERN. This
argument can be repeated. Make sure to quote PATTERN so the shell doesn't
expand the pattern before it's received by rotate-backups. |
-x, --exclude=PATTERN |
Don't process backups that match the shell pattern given by PATTERN. This
argument can be repeated. Make sure to quote PATTERN so the shell doesn't
expand the pattern before it's received by rotate-backups. |
-j, --parallel |
Remove backups in parallel, one backup per mount point at a time. The idea behind this approach is that parallel rotation is most useful when the files to be removed are on different disks and so multiple devices can be utilized at the same time. Because mount points are per system the |
-p, --prefer-recent |
By default the first (oldest) backup in each time slot is preserved. If you'd prefer to keep the most recent backup in each time slot instead then this option is for you. |
-r, --relaxed |
By default the time window for each rotation scheme is enforced (this is
referred to as strict rotation) but the
If the explanation above is not clear enough, here's a simple way to decide whether you want to customize this behavior or not:
|
-i, --ionice=CLASS |
Use the "ionice" program to set the I/O scheduling class and priority of
the "rm" invocations used to remove backups. CLASS is expected to be one of
the values "idle" (3), "best-effort" (2) or "realtime" (1). Refer to the
man page of the "ionice" program for details about these values. The
numeric values are required by the 'busybox' implementation of 'ionice'. |
-c, --config=FILENAME |
Load configuration from
Any available configuration files are loaded in the order given above, so that sections in user-specific configuration files override sections by the same name in system-wide configuration files. For more details refer to the online documentation. |
-C, --removal-command=CMD |
Change the command used to remove backups. The value of As an example of why you might want to change this, CephFS snapshots are represented as regular directory trees that can be deleted at once with a single 'rmdir' command (even though according to POSIX semantics this command should refuse to remove nonempty directories, but I digress). |
-u, --use-sudo |
Enable the use of "sudo" to rotate backups in directories that are not readable and/or writable for the current user (or the user logged in to a remote system over SSH). |
-S, --syslog=CHOICE |
Explicitly enable or disable system logging instead of letting the program figure out what to do. The values '1', 'yes', 'true' and 'on' enable system logging whereas the values '0', 'no', 'false' and 'off' disable it. |
-f, --force |
If a sanity check fails an error is reported and the program aborts. You
can use --force to continue with backup rotation instead. Sanity checks
are done to ensure that the given DIRECTORY exists, is readable and is
writable. If the --removal-command option is given then the last sanity
check (that the given location is writable) is skipped (because custom
removal commands imply custom semantics). |
-n, --dry-run |
Don't make any changes, just print what would be done. This makes it easy to evaluate the impact of a rotation scheme without losing any backups. |
-v, --verbose |
Increase logging verbosity (can be repeated). |
-q, --quiet |
Decrease logging verbosity (can be repeated). |
-h, --help |
Show this message and exit. |
Instead of specifying directories and rotation schemes on the command line you can also add them to a configuration file.
Configuration files are text files in the subset of ini syntax supported by Python's configparser module. They can be located in the following places:
| Directory | Main configuration file | Modular configuration files |
|---|---|---|
| /etc | /etc/rotate-backups.ini | /etc/rotate-backups.d/*.ini |
| ~ | ~/.rotate-backups.ini | ~/.rotate-backups.d/*.ini |
| ~/.config | ~/.config/rotate-backups.ini | ~/.config/rotate-backups.d/*.ini |
The available configuration files are loaded in the order given above, so that user specific configuration files override system wide configuration files.
You can load a configuration file in a nonstandard location using the command
line option --config, in this case the default locations mentioned above
are ignored.
Each section in the configuration defines a directory that contains backups to be rotated. The options in each section define the rotation scheme and other options. Here's an example based on how I use rotate-backups to rotate the backups of the Linux installations that I make regular backups of:
# /etc/rotate-backups.ini:
# Configuration file for the rotate-backups program that specifies
# directories containing backups to be rotated according to specific
# rotation schemes.
[/backups/laptop]
hourly = 24
daily = 7
weekly = 4
monthly = 12
yearly = always
ionice = idle
[/backups/server]
daily = 7 * 2
weekly = 4 * 2
monthly = 12 * 4
yearly = always
ionice = idle
[/backups/mopidy]
daily = 7
weekly = 4
monthly = 2
ionice = idle
[/backups/xbmc]
daily = 7
weekly = 4
monthly = 2
ionice = idleAs you can see in the retention periods of the directory /backups/server in
the example above you are allowed to use expressions that evaluate to a number
(instead of having to write out the literal number).
Here's an example of a configuration for two remote directories:
# SSH as a regular user and use `sudo' to elevate privileges.
[server:/backups/laptop]
use-sudo = yes
hourly = 24
daily = 7
weekly = 4
monthly = 12
yearly = always
ionice = idle
# SSH as the root user (avoids sudo passwords).
[server:/backups/server]
ssh-user = root
hourly = 24
daily = 7
weekly = 4
monthly = 12
yearly = always
ionice = idleAs this example shows you have the option to connect as the root user or to
connect as a regular user and use sudo to elevate privileges.
Since publishing rotate-backups I've found that the default rotation algorithm is not to everyone's satisfaction and because the suggested alternatives were just as valid as the choices that I initially made, options were added to expose the alternative behaviors:
| Default | Alternative |
|---|---|
| Strict rotation (the time window for each rotation frequency is enforced). | Relaxed rotation (time windows are
not enforced). Enabled by the
-r, --relaxed option. |
| The oldest backup in each time slot is preserved and newer backups in the time slot are removed. | The newest backup in each time slot
is preserved and older backups in
the time slot are removed. Enabled
by the -p, --prefer-recent
option. |
Rotation schemes are defined using the
minutely,hourly,daily,weekly,monthlyandyearlyoptions, these options support the same values as documented for the command line interface.The
timestamp-patternoption can be used to customize the regular expression that's used to extract timestamps from filenames. The value is expected to be a Python compatible regular expression that must contain the named capture groups 'year', 'month' and 'day' and may contain the groups 'hour', 'minute' and 'second'. As an example here is the default regular expression:# Required components. (?P<year>\d{4} ) \D? (?P<month>\d{2}) \D? (?P<day>\d{2} ) \D? (?: # Optional components. (?P<hour>\d{2} ) \D? (?P<minute>\d{2}) \D? (?P<second>\d{2})? )?Note how this pattern spans multiple lines: Regular expressions are compiled using the re.VERBOSE flag which means whitespace (including newlines) is ignored.
The
include-listandexclude-listoptions define a comma separated list of filename patterns to include or exclude, respectively:- Make sure not to quote the patterns in the configuration file, just provide them literally.
- If an include or exclude list is defined in the configuration file it overrides the include or exclude list given on the command line.
The
prefer-recent,strictanduse-sudooptions expect a boolean value (yes,no,true,false,1or0).The
removal-commandoption can be used to customize the command that is used to remove backups.The
ioniceoption expects one of the I/O scheduling class namesidle,best-effortorrealtime(or the corresponding numbers).The
ssh-useroption can be used to override the name of the remote SSH account that's used to connect to a remote system.
The basic premise of rotate-backups is fairly simple:
You point rotate-backups at a directory containing timestamped backups.
It will scan the directory for entries (it doesn't matter whether they are files or directories) with a recognizable timestamp in the name.
Note
All of the matched directory entries are considered to be backups of the same data source, i.e. there's no filename similarity logic to distinguish unrelated backups that are located in the same directory. If this presents a problem consider using the
--includeand/or--excludeoptions.The user defined rotation scheme is applied to the entries. If this doesn't do what you'd expect it to you can try the
--relaxedand/or--prefer-recentoptions.The entries to rotate are removed (or printed in dry run).
The latest version of rotate-backups is available on PyPI and GitHub. The documentation is hosted on Read the Docs and includes a changelog. For bug reports please create an issue on GitHub. If you have questions, suggestions, etc. feel free to send me an e-mail at peter@peterodding.com.
This software is licensed under the MIT license.
© 2020 Peter Odding.