A collection of 85 minority oversampling techniques (SMOTE) for imbalanced learning with multi-class oversampling and model selection features
PythonMIT
SMOTE-variants
Introduction
The package implements 85 variants of the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE).
Besides the implementations, an easy to use model selection framework is supplied to enable
the rapid evaluation of oversampling techniques on unseen datasets.
@article{smote-comparison,
author={Gy\"orgy Kov\'acs},
title={An empirical comparison and evaluation of minority oversampling techniques on a large number of imbalanced datasets},
journal={Applied Soft Computing},
note={(IF-2019=4.873)},
volume={83},
pages={105662},
year={2019},
link={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568494619304429},
group={journal},
code={https://github.com/gykovacs/smote_variants},
doi={10.1016/j.asoc.2019.105662}
}
Most of the oversampling techniques operate in the Euclidean space implied by the attributes. Therefore it is extremely important to normalize/scale the attributes appropriatly. With no knowledge on the importance of attributes, the normalization/standardization is a good first try. Having some domain knowledge or attribute importances from bootstrap classification, the scaling of attribute ranges according to their importances is also reasonable. Alternatively, feature subset selection might also improve the results by making oversampling work in the most suitable subspace.
Model selection for the number of samples to be generated
Classification after oversampling is highly sensitive to the number of minority samples being generated. Balancing the dataset is rarely the right choice, as most of the classifiers operate the most efficiently if the density of positive and negative samples near the decision boundary is approximately the same. If the manifolds of the positive and negative classes do not have the same size approximately, balancing the dataset cannot achieve this. Moreover, in certain regions it can even revert the situation: if the manifold of the minority class is much smaller than that of the majority class, balancing will turn the minority class into the majority in the local environments along the decision boundary.
The solution is to apply model selection for the number of samples being generated. Almost all techniques implemented in the `smote-variants` package have a parameter called `proportion`. This parameter controls how many samples to generate, namely, the number of minority samples generated is `proportion*(N_maj - N_min)`, that is, setting the proportion parameter to 1 will balance the dataset. It is highly recommended to carry out cross-validated model selection for a range like `proportion` = 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0.
Sample Usage
Binary oversampling:
importsmote_variantsassvimportimbalanced_databasesasimbddataset=imbd.load_iris0()
X, y=dataset['data'], dataset['target']
oversampler=sv.distance_SMOTE()
# X_samp and y_samp contain the oversampled datasetX_samp, y_samp=oversampler.sample(X, y)
Multiclass oversampling:
importsmote_variantsassvimportsklearn.datasetsasdatasetsdataset=datasets.load_wine()
X, y=dataset['data'], dataset['target']
oversampler=sv.MulticlassOversampling(sv.distance_SMOTE())
# X_samp and y_samp contain the oversampled datasetX_samp, y_samp=oversampler.sample(X, y)
Selection of the best oversampler:
importos.pathfromsklearn.neighborsimportKNeighborsClassifierfromsklearn.treeimportDecisionTreeClassifierimportsmote_variantsassvimportsklearn.datasetsasdatasetscache_path=os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~'), 'smote_test')
ifnotos.path.exists(cache_path):
os.makedirs(cache_path)
dataset=datasets.load_breast_cancer()
dataset= {'data': dataset['data'], 'target': dataset['target'], 'name': 'breast_cancer'}
knn_classifier=KNeighborsClassifier()
dt_classifier=DecisionTreeClassifier()
# samp_obj and cl_obj contain the oversampling and classifier objects which give the# best performance togethersamp_obj, cl_obj=sv.model_selection(dataset=dataset,
samplers=sv.get_n_quickest_oversamplers(5),
classifiers= [knn_classifier, dt_classifier],
cache_path=cache_path,
n_jobs=5,
max_samp_par_comb=35)
# training the best techniques using the entire datasetX_samp, y_samp=samp_obj.sample(dataset['data'], dataset['target'])
cl_obj.fit(X_samp, y_samp)
Integration with sklearn pipelines:
importsmote_variantsassvimportimblearn.datasetsasimb_datasetsfromsklearn.model_selectionimporttrain_test_split, GridSearchCVfromsklearn.pipelineimportPipelinefromsklearn.preprocessingimportStandardScalerfromsklearn.neighborsimportKNeighborsClassifierlibras=imb_datasets.fetch_datasets()['libras_move']
X, y=libras['data'], libras['target']
oversampler=sv.MulticlassOversampling(sv.distance_SMOTE())
classifier=KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5)
# Constructing a pipeline which contains oversampling and classification as the last step.model=Pipeline([('scale', StandardScaler()), ('clf', sv.OversamplingClassifier(oversampler, classifier))])
model.fit(X, y)
Integration with sklearn grid search:
importsmote_variantsassvimportimblearn.datasetsasimb_datasetsfromsklearn.model_selectionimporttrain_test_split, GridSearchCVfromsklearn.pipelineimportPipelinefromsklearn.preprocessingimportStandardScalerfromsklearn.neighborsimportKNeighborsClassifierlibras=imb_datasets.fetch_datasets()['libras_move']
X, y=libras['data'], libras['target']
oversampler=sv.MulticlassOversampling(sv.distance_SMOTE())
classifier=KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5)
# Constructing a pipeline with oversampling and classification as the last stepmodel=Pipeline([('scale', StandardScaler()), ('clf', sv.OversamplingClassifier(oversampler, classifier))])
param_grid= {'clf__oversampler':[sv.distance_SMOTE(proportion=0.5),
sv.distance_SMOTE(proportion=1.0),
sv.distance_SMOTE(proportion=1.5)]}
# Specifying the gridsearch for model selectiongrid=GridSearchCV(model, param_grid=param_grid, cv=3, n_jobs=1, verbose=2, scoring='accuracy')
# Fitting the pipelinegrid.fit(X, y)
All the numerical results are reproducible by the 005_evaluation example script, downloading the database foldings from the link below and following the instructions in the script. Anyone is open to join the competition by implementing an oversampling technique as part of the smote_variants package. The below database foldings can be used to evaluate the technique, and compare the results to the already implemented ones. Once the code is added to a feature branch, the evaluation will be repeated by the organizers and the results added to the rankings page.
If someone is interested in the results of the evaluation of 85 oversamplers on 104 imbalanced datasets, the raw and aggregated results as structured pickle files are avaialble at the below links:
Chawla, N. V. and Bowyer, K. W. and Hall, L. O. and Kegelmeyer, W. P., "{SMOTE}: synthetic minority over-sampling technique" , Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 2002, pp. 321--357
Batista, Gustavo E. A. P. A. and Prati, Ronaldo C. and Monard, Maria Carolina, "A Study of the Behavior of Several Methods for Balancing Machine Learning Training Data" , SIGKDD Explor. Newsl., 2004, pp. 20--29
Batista, Gustavo E. A. P. A. and Prati, Ronaldo C. and Monard, Maria Carolina, "A Study of the Behavior of Several Methods for Balancing Machine Learning Training Data" , SIGKDD Explor. Newsl., 2004, pp. 20--29
He, H. and Bai, Y. and Garcia, E. A. and Li, S., "{ADASYN}: adaptive synthetic sampling approach for imbalanced learning" , Proceedings of IJCNN, 2008, pp. 1322--1328
Gilles Cohen and Mélanie Hilario and Hugo Sax and Stéphane Hugonnet and Antoine Geissbuhler, "Learning from imbalanced data in surveillance of nosocomial infection" , Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 2006, pp. 7 - 18
Wang, J. and Xu, M. and Wang, H. and Zhang, J., "Classification of Imbalanced Data by Using the SMOTE Algorithm and Locally Linear Embedding" , 2006 8th international Conference on Signal Processing, 2006, pp.
de la Calleja, J. and Fuentes, O., "A distance-based over-sampling method for learning from imbalanced data sets" , Proceedings of the Twentieth International Florida Artificial Intelligence, 2007, pp. 634--635
de la Calleja, Jorge and Fuentes, Olac and González, Jesús, "Selecting Minority Examples from Misclassified Data for Over-Sampling." , Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference, 2008, pp. 276-281
Gazzah, S. and Amara, N. E. B., "New Oversampling Approaches Based on Polynomial Fitting for Imbalanced Data Sets" , 2008 The Eighth IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems, 2008, pp. 677-684
Stefanowski, Jerzy and Wilk, Szymon, "Selective Pre-processing of Imbalanced Data for Improving Classification Performance" , Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Data Warehousing and Knowledge Discovery, 2008, pp. 283--292
Tang, S. and Chen, S., "The generation mechanism of synthetic minority class examples" , 2008 International Conference on Information Technology and Applications in Biomedicine, 2008, pp. 444-447
Bunkhumpornpat, Chumphol and Sinapiromsaran, Krung and Lursinsap, Chidchanok, "Safe-Level-SMOTE: Safe-Level-Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling TEchnique for Handling the Class Imbalanced Problem" , Proceedings of the 13th Pacific-Asia Conference on Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2009, pp. 475--482
Hu, Shengguo and Liang, Yanfeng and Ma, Lintao and He, Ying, "MSMOTE: Improving Classification Performance When Training Data is Imbalanced" , Proceedings of the 2009 Second International Workshop on Computer Science and Engineering - Volume 02, 2009, pp. 13--17
Chen, L. and Cai, Z. and Chen, L. and Gu, Q., "A Novel Differential Evolution-Clustering Hybrid Resampling Algorithm on Imbalanced Datasets" , 2010 Third International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2010, pp. 81-85
Cao, Q. and Wang, S., "Applying Over-sampling Technique Based on Data Density and Cost-sensitive SVM to Imbalanced Learning" , 2011 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering, 2011, pp. 543-548
Cateni, S. and Colla, V. and Vannucci, M., "Novel resampling method for the classification of imbalanced datasets for industrial and other real-world problems" , 2011 11th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, 2011, pp. 402-407
Puntumapo, "A Pruning-Based Approach for Searching Precise and Generalized Region for Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling" , Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2012, pp. 371--382
Ramento, "SMOTE-RSB*: a hybrid preprocessing approach based on oversampling and undersampling for high imbalanced data-sets using SMOTE and rough sets theory" , Knowledge and Information Systems, 2012, pp. 245--265
Baru, "ProWSyn: Proximity Weighted Synthetic Oversampling Technique for Imbalanced Data Set Learning" , Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2013, pp. 317--328
Bunkhumpornpat, Chumpol and Subpaiboonkit, Sitthichoke, "Safe level graph for synthetic minority over-sampling techniques" , 13th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies, 2013, pp. 570-575
Feng, Hu and Hang, Li, "A Novel Boundary Oversampling Algorithm Based on Neighborhood Rough Set Model: NRSBoundary-SMOTE" , Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2013, pp. 10
Sánchez, Atlántida I. and Morales, Eduardo and Gonzalez, Jesus, "Synthetic Oversampling of Instances Using Clustering" , International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Tools, 2013, pp.
Fajri Koto, "SMOTE-Out, SMOTE-Cosine, and Selected-SMOTE: An enhancement strategy to handle imbalance in data level" , 2014 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information System, 2014, pp. 280-284
Fajri Koto, "SMOTE-Out, SMOTE-Cosine, and Selected-SMOTE: An enhancement strategy to handle imbalance in data level" , 2014 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information System, 2014, pp. 280-284
Fajri Koto, "SMOTE-Out, SMOTE-Cosine, and Selected-SMOTE: An enhancement strategy to handle imbalance in data level" , 2014 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information System, 2014, pp. 280-284
Maciejewski, T. and Stefanowski, J., "Local neighbourhood extension of SMOTE for mining imbalanced data" , 2011 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Data Mining (CIDM), 2011, pp. 104-111
Barua, S. and Islam, M. M. and Yao, X. and Murase, K., "MWMOTE--Majority Weighted Minority Oversampling Technique for Imbalanced Data Set Learning" , IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2014, pp. 405-425
Ming Gao and Xia Hong and Sheng Chen and Chris J. Harris and Emad Khalaf, "PDFOS: PDF estimation based over-sampling for imbalanced two-class problems" , Neurocomputing, 2014, pp. 248 - 259
Victoria López and Isaac Triguero and Cristóbal J. Carmona and Salvador García and Francisco Herrera, "Addressing imbalanced classification with instance generation techniques: IPADE-ID" , Neurocomputing, 2014, pp. 15 - 28
Zhang, Huaxzhang and Li, Mingfang, "RWO-Sampling: A Random Walk Over-Sampling Approach to Imbalanced Data Classification" , Information Fusion, 2014, pp.
Almogahed, B. A. and Kakadiaris, I. A., "NEATER: Filtering of Over-sampled Data Using Non-cooperative Game Theory" , 2014 22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2014, pp. 1371-1376
Bellinger, C. and Japkowicz, N. and Drummond, C., "Synthetic Oversampling for Advanced Radioactive Threat Detection" , 2015 IEEE 14th International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA), 2015, pp. 948-953
Gazzah, S. and Hechkel, A. and Essoukri Ben Amara, N. , "A hybrid sampling method for imbalanced data" , 2015 IEEE 12th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals Devices (SSD15), 2015, pp. 1-6
Jiang, Liangxiao and Qiu, Chen and Li, Chaoqun, "A Novel Minority Cloning Technique for Cost-Sensitive Learning" , International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 2015, pp. 1551004
Pourhabib, A. and Mallick, Bani K. and Ding, Yu, "A Novel Minority Cloning Technique for Cost-Sensitive Learning" , Journal of Machine Learning Research, 2015, pp. 2695--2724
José A. Sáez and Julián Luengo and Jerzy Stefanowski and Francisco Herrera, "SMOTE–IPF: Addressing the noisy and borderline examples problem in imbalanced classification by a re-sampling method with filtering" , Information Sciences, 2015, pp. 184 - 203
Tang, B. and He, H., "KernelADASYN: Kernel based adaptive synthetic data generation for imbalanced learning" , 2015 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), 2015, pp. 664-671
Xi, "A Synthetic Minority Oversampling Method Based on Local Densities in Low-Dimensional Space for Imbalanced Learning" , Database Systems for Advanced Applications, 2015, pp. 3--18
Young,Ii, William A. and Nykl, Scott L. and Weckman, Gary R. and Chelberg, David M., "Using Voronoi Diagrams to Improve Classification Performances when Modeling Imbalanced Datasets" , Neural Comput. Appl., 2015, pp. 1041--1054
William A. Rivera and Petros Xanthopoulos, "A priori synthetic over-sampling methods for increasing classification sensitivity in imbalanced data sets" , Expert Systems with Applications, 2016, pp. 124 - 135
Jair Cervantes and Farid Garcia-Lamont and Lisbeth Rodriguez and Asdrúbal López and José Ruiz Castilla and Adrian Trueba, "PSO-based method for SVM classification on skewed data sets" , Neurocomputing, 2017, pp. 187 - 197
M, "CURE-SMOTE algorithm and hybrid algorithm for feature selection and parameter optimization based on random forests" , BMC Bioinformatics, 2017, pp. 169
Georgios Douzas and Fernando Bacao, "Self-Organizing Map Oversampling (SOMO) for imbalanced data set learning" , Expert Systems with Applications, 2017, pp. 40 - 52
Gu, Qiong and Cai, Zhihua and Zhu, Li, "Classification of Imbalanced Data Sets by Using the Hybrid Re-sampling Algorithm Based on Isomap" , Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Advances in Computation and Intelligence, 2009, pp. 287--296
Chen, S. and Guo, G. and Chen, L., "A New Over-Sampling Method Based on Cluster Ensembles" , 2010 IEEE 24th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, 2010, pp. 599-604
Deepa, T. and Punithavalli, M., "An E-SMOTE technique for feature selection in High-Dimensional Imbalanced Dataset" , 2011 3rd International Conference on Electronics Computer Technology, 2011, pp. 322-324
Senzhang Wang and Zhoujun Li and Wenhan Chao and Qinghua Cao, "Applying adaptive over-sampling technique based on data density and cost-sensitive SVM to imbalanced learning" , The 2012 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), 2012, pp. 1-8
Zhou, B. and Yang, C. and Guo, H. and Hu, J., "A quasi-linear SVM combined with assembled SMOTE for imbalanced data classification" , The 2013 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), 2013, pp. 1-7
Li, K. and Zhang, W. and Lu, Q. and Fang, X., "An Improved SMOTE Imbalanced Data Classification Method Based on Support Degree" , 2014 International Conference on Identification, Information and Knowledge in the Internet of Things, 2014, pp. 34-38
Mahmoudi, S. and Moradi, P. and Akhlaghian, F. and Moradi, R., "Diversity and separable metrics in over-sampling technique for imbalanced data classification" , 2014 4th International Conference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering (ICCKE), 2014, pp. 152-158
Sandhan, T. and Choi, J. Y., "Handling Imbalanced Datasets by Partially Guided Hybrid Sampling for Pattern Recognition" , 2014 22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2014, pp. 1449-1453
Xu, Y. H. and Li, H. and Le, L. P. and Tian, X. Y., "Neighborhood Triangular Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique for Imbalanced Prediction on Small Samples of Chinese Tourism and Hospitality Firms" , 2014 Seventh International Joint Conference on Computational Sciences and Optimization, 2014, pp. 534-538
Lee, Jaedong and Kim, Noo-ri and Lee, Jee-Hyong, "An Over-sampling Technique with Rejection for Imbalanced Class Learning" , Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication, 2015, pp. 102:1--102:6
Dang, X. T. and Tran, D. H. and Hirose, O. and Satou, K., "SPY: A Novel Resampling Method for Improving Classification Performance in Imbalanced Data" , 2015 Seventh International Conference on Knowledge and Systems Engineering (KSE), 2015, pp. 280-285
Li, J. and Fong, S. and Zhuang, Y., "Optimizing SMOTE by Metaheuristics with Neural Network and Decision Tree" , 2015 3rd International Symposium on Computational and Business Intelligence (ISCBI), 2015, pp. 26-32
Abdi, L. and Hashemi, S., "To Combat Multi-Class Imbalanced Problems by Means of Over-Sampling Techniques" , IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2016, pp. 238-251
Borowsk, "Imbalanced Data Classification: A Novel Re-sampling Approach Combining Versatile Improved SMOTE and Rough Sets" , Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management, 2016, pp. 31--42
Jian, "A Novel Algorithm for Imbalance Data Classification Based on Genetic Algorithm Improved SMOTE" , Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2016, pp. 3255--3266
Iman Nekooeimehr and Susana K. Lai-Yuen, "Adaptive semi-unsupervised weighted oversampling (A-SUWO) for imbalanced datasets" , Expert Systems with Applications, 2016, pp. 405 - 416
Ramento, "Fuzzy-rough imbalanced learning for the diagnosis of High Voltage Circuit Breaker maintenance: The SMOTE-FRST-2T algorithm" , Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 2016, pp. 134 - 139
Yun, Jaesub and Ha, Jihyun and Lee, Jong-Seok, "Automatic Determination of Neighborhood Size in SMOTE" , Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication, 2016, pp. 100:1--100:8
Jinyan Li and Simon Fong and Raymond K. Wong and Victor W. Chu, "Adaptive multi-objective swarm fusion for imbalanced data classification" , Information Fusion, 2018, pp. 1 - 24
Zhang, L. and Wang, W., "A Re-sampling Method for Class Imbalance Learning with Credit Data" , 2011 International Conference of Information Technology, Computer Engineering and Management Sciences, 2011, pp. 393-397
Francisco Fernández-Navarro and César Hervás-Martínez and Pedro Antonio Gutiérrez, "A dynamic over-sampling procedure based on sensitivity for multi-class problems" , Pattern Recognition, 2011, pp. 1821 - 1833
Hansoo Lee and Jonggeun Kim and Sungshin Kim, "Gaussian-Based SMOTE Algorithm for Solving Skewed Class Distributions" , Int. J. Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems, 2017, pp. 229-234
Georgios Douzas and Fernando Bacao and Felix Last, "Improving imbalanced learning through a heuristic oversampling method based on k-means and SMOTE" , Information Sciences, 2018, pp. 1 - 20
Hu, Jun AND He, Xue AND Yu, Dong-Jun AND Yang, Xi-Bei AND Yang, Jing-Yu AND Shen, Hong-Bin, "A New Supervised Over-Sampling Algorithm with Application to Protein-Nucleotide Binding Residue Prediction" , PLOS ONE, 2014, pp. 1-10
Koziarski, Michał and Wozniak, Michal, "CCR: A combined cleaning and resampling algorithm for imbalanced data classification" , International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, 2017, pp. 727–736
Siriseriwan, W and Sinapiromsaran, Krung, "Adaptive neighbor synthetic minority oversampling technique under 1NN outcast handling" , Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 2017, pp. 565-576
Cieslak, D. A. and Chawla, N. V. and Striegel, A., "Combating imbalance in network intrusion datasets" , 2006 IEEE International Conference on Granular Computing, 2006, pp. 732-737
