BERTopic is a topic modeling technique that leverages 🤗 transformers and c-TF-IDF to create dense clusters allowing for easily interpretable topics whilst keeping important words in the topic descriptions.
BERTopic supports guided, (semi-) supervised, hierarchical, dynamic, and online topic modeling. It even supports visualizations similar to LDAvis!
Corresponding medium posts can be found here and here. For a more detailed overview, you can read the paper.
Installation, with sentence-transformers, can be done using pypi:
pip install bertopicYou may want to install more depending on the transformers and language backends that you will be using. The possible installations are:
pip install bertopic[flair]
pip install bertopic[gensim]
pip install bertopic[spacy]
pip install bertopic[use]For an in-depth overview of the features of BERTopic you can check the full documentation or you can follow along with one of the examples below:
| Name | Link |
|---|---|
| Topic Modeling with BERTopic |  |
| (Custom) Embedding Models in BERTopic | |
| Advanced Customization in BERTopic | |
| (semi-)Supervised Topic Modeling with BERTopic | |
| Dynamic Topic Modeling with Trump's Tweets | |
| Topic Modeling arXiv Abstracts |  |
We start by extracting topics from the well-known 20 newsgroups dataset containing English documents:
from bertopic import BERTopic
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_20newsgroups
docs = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='all', remove=('headers', 'footers', 'quotes'))['data']
topic_model = BERTopic()
topics, probs = topic_model.fit_transform(docs)After generating topics and their probabilities, we can access the frequent topics that were generated:
>>> topic_model.get_topic_info()
Topic Count Name
-1 4630 -1_can_your_will_any
0 693 49_windows_drive_dos_file
1 466 32_jesus_bible_christian_faith
2 441 2_space_launch_orbit_lunar
3 381 22_key_encryption_keys_encrypted-1 refers to all outliers and should typically be ignored. Next, let's take a look at the most frequent topic that was generated, topic 0:
>>> topic_model.get_topic(0)
[('windows', 0.006152228076250982),
('drive', 0.004982897610645755),
('dos', 0.004845038866360651),
('file', 0.004140142872194834),
('disk', 0.004131678774810884),
('mac', 0.003624848635985097),
('memory', 0.0034840976976789903),
('software', 0.0034415334250699077),
('email', 0.0034239554442333257),
('pc', 0.003047105930670237)]NOTE: Use BERTopic(language="multilingual") to select a model that supports 50+ languages.
After having trained our BERTopic model, we can iteratively go through hundreds of topics to get a good understanding of the topics that were extracted. However, that takes quite some time and lacks a global representation. Instead, we can visualize the topics that were generated in a way very similar to LDAvis:
topic_model.visualize_topics()
We can create an overview of the most frequent topics in a way that they are easily interpretable. Horizontal barcharts typically convey information rather well and allow for an intuitive representation of the topics:
topic_model.visualize_barchart()
Find all possible visualizations with interactive examples in the documentation here.
BERTopic supports many embedding models that can be used to embed the documents and words:
- Sentence-Transformers
- 🤗 Transformers
- Flair
- Spacy
- Gensim
- USE
Sentence-Transformers is typically used as it has shown great results embedding documents meant for semantic similarity. Simply select any from their documentation here and pass it to BERTopic:
topic_model = BERTopic(embedding_model="all-MiniLM-L6-v2")Similarly, you can choose any 🤗 Transformers model and pass it to BERTopic:
from transformers.pipelines import pipeline
embedding_model = pipeline("feature-extraction", model="distilbert-base-cased")
topic_model = BERTopic(embedding_model=embedding_model)Click here for a full overview of all supported embedding models.
BERTopic has quite a number of functions that quickly can become overwhelming. To alleviate this issue, you will find an overview of all methods and a short description of its purpose.
Below, you will find an overview of common functions in BERTopic.
| Method | Code |
|---|---|
| Fit the model | .fit(docs) |
| Fit the model and predict documents | .fit_transform(docs) |
| Predict new documents | .transform([new_doc]) |
| Access single topic | .get_topic(topic=12) |
| Access all topics | .get_topics() |
| Get topic freq | .get_topic_freq() |
| Get all topic information | .get_topic_info() |
| Get representative docs per topic | .get_representative_docs() |
| Update topic representation | .update_topics(docs, n_gram_range=(1, 3)) |
| Generate topic labels | .generate_topic_labels() |
| Set topic labels | .set_topic_labels(my_custom_labels) |
| Merge topics | .merge_topics(docs, topics_to_merge) |
| Reduce nr of topics | .reduce_topics(docs, nr_topics=30) |
| Find topics | .find_topics("vehicle") |
| Save model | .save("my_model") |
| Load model | BERTopic.load("my_model") |
| Get parameters | .get_params() |
After having trained your BERTopic model, a number of attributes are saved within your model. These attributes, in part,
refer to how model information is stored on an estimator during fitting. The attributes that you see below all end in _ and are
public attributes that can be used to access model information.
| Attribute | Description |
|---|---|
| topics_ | The topics that are generated for each document after training or updating the topic model. |
| probabilities_ | The probabilities that are generated for each document if HDBSCAN is used. |
| topic_sizes_ | The size of each topic |
| topic_mapper_ | A class for tracking topics and their mappings anytime they are merged/reduced. |
| topic_representations_ | The top n terms per topic and their respective c-TF-IDF values. |
| c_tf_idf_ | The topic-term matrix as calculated through c-TF-IDF. |
| topic_labels_ | The default labels for each topic. |
| custom_labels_ | Custom labels for each topic as generated through .set_topic_labels. |
| topic_embeddings_ | The embeddings for each topic if embedding_model was used. |
| representative_docs_ | The representative documents for each topic if HDBSCAN is used. |
There are many different use cases in which topic modeling can be used. As such, a number of variations of BERTopic have been developed such that one package can be used across across many use cases.
| Method | Code |
|---|---|
| (semi-) Supervised Topic Modeling | .fit(docs, y=y) |
| Topic Modeling per Class | .topics_per_class(docs, classes) |
| Dynamic Topic Modeling | .topics_over_time(docs, timestamps) |
| Hierarchical Topic Modeling | .hierarchical_topics(docs) |
| Guided Topic Modeling | BERTopic(seed_topic_list=seed_topic_list) |
Evaluating topic models can be rather difficult due to the somewhat subjective nature of evaluation. Visualizing different aspects of the topic model helps in understanding the model and makes it easier to tweak the model to your liking.
| Method | Code |
|---|---|
| Visualize Topics | .visualize_topics() |
| Visualize Documents | .visualize_documents() |
| Visualize Document Hierarchy | .visualize_hierarchical_documents() |
| Visualize Topic Hierarchy | .visualize_hierarchy() |
| Visualize Topic Tree | .get_topic_tree(hierarchical_topics) |
| Visualize Topic Terms | .visualize_barchart() |
| Visualize Topic Similarity | .visualize_heatmap() |
| Visualize Term Score Decline | .visualize_term_rank() |
| Visualize Topic Probability Distribution | .visualize_distribution(probs[0]) |
| Visualize Topics over Time | .visualize_topics_over_time(topics_over_time) |
| Visualize Topics per Class | .visualize_topics_per_class(topics_per_class) |
To cite the BERTopic paper, please use the following bibtex reference:
@article{grootendorst2022bertopic,
title={BERTopic: Neural topic modeling with a class-based TF-IDF procedure},
author={Grootendorst, Maarten},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.05794},
year={2022}
}