/GlobalMLBuildingFootprints

Worldwide building footprints derived from satellite imagery

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Introduction

Bing Maps is releasing open building footprints around the world. We have detected 777M buildings from Bing Maps imagery between 2014 and 2021 including Maxar and Airbus imagery. The data is freely available for download and use under ODbL. This dataset complements our other releases.

sample footprints

Regions included

building regions

License

This data is licensed by Microsoft under the Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL).

FAQ

What does the data include?

776,712,641 building footprint polygon geometries located around the world in line delimited GeoJSON format.

Location Count Link Size (Compressed)
Abyei 171 Abyei.zip 12.4KB
Afghanistan 6,588,698 Afghanistan.zip 544.3MB
Africa 4,631 Africa.zip 398.1KB
Albania 1,180,766 Albania.zip 91.9MB
Algeria 6,855,084 Algeria.zip 607.1MB
Andorra 8,322 Andorra.zip 856.1KB
Angola 4,845,241 Angola.zip 348.1MB
Anguilla 9,273 Anguilla.zip 749.8KB
Antigua and Barbuda 45,997 Antigua and Barbuda.zip 3.4MB
Argentina 6,753,096 Argentina.zip 581.3MB
Armenia 939,034 Armenia.zip 77.9MB
Aruba 65,366 Aruba.zip 5.0MB
Asia 38,522 Asia.zip 3.0MB
Austria 3,775,603 Austria.zip 350.3MB
Azerbaijan 2,096,220 Azerbaijan.zip 163.2MB
Bahrain 197,940 Bahrain.zip 19.3MB
Bangladesh 15,189,620 Bangladesh.zip 1.1GB
Barbados 147,197 Barbados.zip 11.2MB
Belarus 6,680,517 Belarus.zip 532.3MB
Belize 143,087 Belize.zip 10.2MB
Benin 1,785,985 Benin.zip 129.6MB
Bhutan 122,685 Bhutan.zip 8.9MB
Bolivia 3,017,479 Bolivia.zip 229.9MB
Bonaire 14,316 Bonaire.zip 1.1MB
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,391,614 Bosnia and Herzegovina.zip 179.3MB
Botswana 1,180,488 Botswana.zip 84.9MB
Brazil 59,523,654 Brazil.zip 4.7GB
British Indian Ocean Territory 928 British Indian Ocean Territory.zip 74.3KB
British Virgin Islands 10,298 British Virgin Islands.zip 802.5KB
Bulgaria 4,033,282 Bulgaria.zip 321.1MB
Burkina Faso 2,076,127 Burkina Faso.zip 147.8MB
Burundi 1,932,461 Burundi.zip 138.8MB
Cambodia 3,874,425 Cambodia.zip 281.9MB
Cameroon 2,221,646 Cameroon.zip 162.6MB
Cayman Islands 22,655 Cayman Islands.zip 1.9MB
Central African Republic 379,478 Central African Republic.zip 26.4MB
Chad 1,136,154 Chad.zip 82.0MB
Chile 6,210,879 Chile.zip 507.0MB
Colombia 7,170,568 Colombia.zip 583.2MB
Comoros 119,706 Comoros.zip 8.6MB
Congo (DRC) 7,713,432 Congo (DRC).zip 544.7MB
Costa Rica 1,461,763 Costa Rica.zip 116.9MB
Croatia 2,835,095 Croatia.zip 229.0MB
Cuba 2,860,158 Cuba.zip 212.8MB
Curacao 103,750 Curacao.zip 8.0MB
Cyprus 743,758 Cyprus.zip 62.4MB
Czech Republic 4,952,925 Czech Republic.zip 435.1MB
Denmark 3,038,654 Denmark.zip 291.3MB
Djibouti 22,718 Djibouti.zip 1.6MB
Dominica 31,942 Dominica.zip 2.3MB
Dominican Republic 2,228,604 Dominican Republic.zip 165.6MB
Ecuador 4,329,927 Ecuador.zip 341.1MB
Egypt 11,867,135 Egypt.zip 1.1GB
El Salvador 1,111,667 El Salvador.zip 86.5MB
Equatorial Guinea 178,600 Equatorial Guinea.zip 13.4MB
Eritrea 262,573 Eritrea.zip 19.2MB
Estonia 737,171 Estonia.zip 61.0MB
Ethiopia 4,126,997 Ethiopia.zip 298.4MB
Europe 10,837 Europe.zip 914.8KB
FYRO Makedonija 775,035 FYRO Makedonija.zip 60.3MB
Faroe Islands 28,887 Faroe Islands.zip 2.7MB
Finland 4,599,319 Finland.zip 407.2MB
France 345,081 France.zip 29.3MB
French Guiana 69,718 French Guiana.zip 5.4MB
French-Guadeloupe 216,907 French-Guadeloupe.zip 16.6MB
French-Martinique 176,511 French-Martinique.zip 13.6MB
Gabon 359,041 Gabon.zip 27.6MB
Gaza Strip 268,212 Gaza Strip.zip 21.4MB
Georgia 1,090,508 Georgia.zip 83.3MB
Germany 1,501,611 Germany.zip 131.7MB
Ghana 4,728,159 Ghana.zip 365.1MB
Golan Heights 20,919 Golan Heights.zip 1.8MB
Greece 5,767,604 Greece.zip 474.1MB
Grenada 50,583 Grenada.zip 3.7MB
Guatemala 2,586,007 Guatemala.zip 197.5MB
Guinea-Bissau 293,104 Guinea-Bissau.zip 21.3MB
Guinea 1,588,881 Guinea.zip 113.9MB
Guyana 253,154 Guyana.zip 18.5MB
Haiti 1,564,156 Haiti.zip 110.2MB
Honduras 702,874 Honduras.zip 52.1MB
Hungary 5,689,949 Hungary.zip 462.3MB
Iceland 199,103 Iceland.zip 19.0MB
India 83,978,575 India.zip 6.8GB
Iran 7,292,306 Iran.zip 647.7MB
Iraq 8,189,131 Iraq.zip 705.8MB
Israel 1,360,652 Israel.zip 123.4MB
Italy 12,047,231 Italy.zip 1.1GB
Ivory Coast 3,128,454 Ivory Coast.zip 228.6MB
Jamaica 900,787 Jamaica.zip 66.5MB
Jordan 1,158,711 Jordan.zip 103.9MB
Kazakhstan 7,202,955 Kazakhstan.zip 585.2MB
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 5,920,209 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.zip 518.7MB
Kosovo 737,492 Kosovo.zip 57.5MB
Kuwait 48,932 Kuwait.zip 3.8MB
Kyrgyzstan 2,219,294 Kyrgyzstan.zip 178.1MB
Laos 1,698,220 Laos.zip 123.7MB
Lapthal 22 Lapthal.zip 1.8KB
Latvia 1,232,375 Latvia.zip 102.2MB
Lebanon 1,013,619 Lebanon.zip 90.3MB
Lesotho 808,159 Lesotho.zip 57.4MB
Liberia 459,207 Liberia.zip 33.9MB
Libya 2,118,020 Libya.zip 179.4MB
Lithuania 2,161,231 Lithuania.zip 180.2MB
Madagascar 3,858,251 Madagascar.zip 266.2MB
Malawi 4,550,148 Malawi.zip 311.3MB
Maldives 46,506 Maldives.zip 3.7MB
Mali 1,833,921 Mali.zip 128.6MB
Malta 74,900 Malta.zip 8.5MB
Mauritania 820,237 Mauritania.zip 58.7MB
Mauritius 310,079 Mauritius.zip 26.4MB
Mayotte 58,176 Mayotte.zip 4.3MB
Mexico 23,769,529 Mexico.zip 1.9GB
Moldova 2,232,324 Moldova.zip 176.3MB
Mongolia 441,525 Mongolia.zip 33.0MB
Montenegro 369,188 Montenegro.zip 27.6MB
Montserrat 3,989 Montserrat.zip 311.6KB
Morocco 3,177,420 Morocco.zip 282.0MB
Mozambique 7,663,978 Mozambique.zip 526.4MB
Myanmar 9,509,845 Myanmar.zip 674.3MB
Namibia 842,223 Namibia.zip 62.3MB
Nepal 6,349,530 Nepal.zip 463.8MB
Nicaragua 783,428 Nicaragua.zip 59.6MB
Niger 1,768,700 Niger.zip 124.6MB
North America 3,250 North America.zip 261.5KB
Norway 3,771,883 Norway.zip 344.1MB
Pa-li-chia-ssu 234 Pa-li-chia-ssu.zip 16.7KB
Pakistan 19,405,716 Pakistan.zip 1.6GB
Panama 1,127,704 Panama.zip 85.6MB
Paracel Islands 347 Paracel Islands.zip 30.1KB
Paraguay 2,382,332 Paraguay.zip 177.9MB
Peru 7,471,710 Peru.zip 587.9MB
Poland 17,919,141 Poland.zip 1.5GB
Portugal 5,876,375 Portugal.zip 500.3MB
Puerto Rico 1,456,320 Puerto Rico.zip 111.8MB
Republic of Yemen 3,048,586 Republic of Yemen.zip 236.5MB
Republic of the Congo 212,366 Republic of the Congo.zip 15.3MB
Reunion 349,472 Reunion.zip 28.2MB
Romania 12,346,601 Romania.zip 979.8MB
Russia 65,600,469 Russia.zip 5.2GB
Rwanda 2,937,239 Rwanda.zip 212.2MB
Saint Barthelemy 6,742 Saint Barthelemy.zip 535.6KB
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 4,196 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.zip 321.1KB
Saint Lucia 75,099 Saint Lucia.zip 5.5MB
San Marino 7,729 San Marino.zip 712.0KB
Sang 129 Sang.zip 9.3KB
Senegal 1,848,848 Senegal.zip 138.9MB
Serbia 4,751,744 Serbia.zip 378.0MB
Seychelles 38,346 Seychelles.zip 2.9MB
Sierra Leone 514,694 Sierra Leone.zip 37.4MB
Slovakia 2,515,701 Slovakia.zip 211.9MB
Slovenia 1,126,319 Slovenia.zip 95.5MB
Somalia 50,419 Somalia.zip 3.7MB
South Africa 22,955,466 South Africa.zip 1.7GB
South America 46 South America.zip 3.5KB
South Sudan 120,553 South Sudan.zip 8.3MB
Spain 2,859,484 Spain.zip 270.6MB
Sri Lanka 3,162,958 Sri Lanka.zip 233.4MB
St Kitts and Nevis 27,786 St Kitts and Nevis.zip 2.0MB
St Martin 9,748 St Martin.zip 808.9KB
St Vincent and the Grenadines 47,587 St Vincent and the Grenadines.zip 3.5MB
State of Qatar 507,345 State of Qatar.zip 43.2MB
Sudan 2,851,307 Sudan.zip 207.0MB
Sultanate of Oman 393,853 Sultanate of Oman.zip 34.1MB
Suriname 244,022 Suriname.zip 18.4MB
Swaziland 636,549 Swaziland.zip 45.5MB
Sweden 6,450,714 Sweden.zip 568.9MB
Syria 4,433,121 Syria.zip 376.7MB
São Tomé and Príncipe 35,084 São Tomé and Príncipe.zip 2.5MB
Tajikistan 2,007,071 Tajikistan.zip 161.7MB
Tanzania 685,763 Tanzania.zip 47.8MB
Thailand 24,505,493 Thailand.zip 1.8GB
The Bahamas 129,252 The Bahamas.zip 10.4MB
The Gambia 349,895 The Gambia.zip 25.3MB
Togo 1,440,086 Togo.zip 106.8MB
Trinidad and Tobago 495,232 Trinidad and Tobago.zip 37.8MB
Tunisia 3,412,619 Tunisia.zip 314.9MB
Turkey 18,064,082 Turkey.zip 1.4GB
Turkmenistan 1,472,888 Turkmenistan.zip 119.9MB
Turks and Caicos Islands 15,714 Turks and Caicos Islands.zip 1.2MB
US Virgin Islands 50,270 US Virgin Islands.zip 4.0MB
Uganda 773,722 Uganda.zip 55.4MB
Ukraine 26,773,758 Ukraine.zip 2.1GB
United Arab Emirates 940,617 United Arab Emirates.zip 87.0MB
Uruguay 1,150,711 Uruguay.zip 92.3MB
Uzbekistan 6,513,512 Uzbekistan.zip 560.5MB
Vatican City 91 Vatican City.zip 11.6KB
Venezuela 8,096,400 Venezuela.zip 619.9MB
Vietnam 23,869,714 Vietnam.zip 1.8GB
West Bank 664,961 West Bank.zip 57.9MB
Western Halaib Triangle 156 Western Halaib Triangle.zip 11.3KB
Zambia 4,072,801 Zambia.zip 288.9MB
Zimbabwe 5,205,858 Zimbabwe.zip 366.8MB
Île Saint-Martin 14,920 Île Saint-Martin.zip 1.2MB

What is the GeoJSON format?

GeoJSON is a format for encoding a variety of geographic data structures. For intensive documentation and tutorials, refer to this blog.

Why is the data being released?

Microsoft has a continued interest in supporting a thriving OpenStreetMap ecosystem.

Should we import the data into OpenStreetMap?

Maybe. Never overwrite the hard work of other contributors or blindly import data into OSM without first checking the local quality. While our metrics show that this data meets or exceeds the quality of hand-drawn building footprints, the data does vary in quality from place to place, between rural and urban, mountains and plains, and so on. Inspect quality locally and discuss an import plan with the community. Always follow the OSM import community guidelines.

Will the data be used or made available in the larger OpenStreetMap ecosystem?

Yes. Currently Microsoft Open Buildings dataset is used in ml-enabler for task creation. You can try it out at AI assisted Tasking Manager. The data will also be made available in Facebook RapiD.

How did we create the data?

The building extraction is done in two stages:

  1. Semantic Segmentation – Recognizing building pixels on an aerial image using deep neural networks (DNNs)
  2. Polygonization – Converting building pixel detections into polygons

Stage1: Semantic Segmentation

segmenation diagram

Stage 2: Polygonization

polygonization diagram

Were there any modeling improvements used for this release?

We did not apply any modeling improvements for this release. Instead, we focused on scaling our approach to increase coverage, and trained models regionally.

Evaluation set metrics

The evaluation metrics are computed on a set of building polygon labels for each region. Note, we only have verification results for Mexico buildings since we did not train a model for the country.

Building match metrics on the evaluation set:

Region Precision Recall
Africa 94.4% 70.9%
Caribbean 92.2% 76.8%
Central Asia 97.17% 79.47%
Europe 94.3% 85.9%
Middle East 95.7% 85.4%
South America 95.4% 78.0%
South Asia 94.8% 76.7%

We track the following metrics to measure the quality of matched building polygons in the evaluation set:

  1. Intersection over Union – This is a standard metric measuring the overlap quality against the labels
  2. Dominant angle rotation error – This measures the polygon rotation deviation
Region IoU Rotation error [deg]
Africa 64.5% 5.67
Caribbean 64.0% 6.64
Central Asia 68.2% 6.91
Europe 65.1% 10.28
Middle East 65.1% 9.3
South America 66.7% 6.34
South Asia 63.1% 6.25

False positive ratio in the corpus

False positives are estimated per country from randomly sampled building polygon predictions.

Region Buildings Sampled False Positive Rate
Africa 5,000 1.1%
Caribbean 3,000 1.8%
Central Asia 3,000 2.2%
Europe 5,000 1.4%
Mexico 2,000 0.1%
Middle East 7,000 1.8%
South America 5,000 1.7%
South Asia 7,000 1.4%

What is the vintage of this data?

Vintage of extracted building footprints depends on the vintage of the underlying imagery. The underlying imagery is from Bing Maps including Maxar and Airbus between 2014 and 2021.

How good is the data?

Our metrics show that in the vast majority of cases the quality is at least as good as hand digitized buildings in OpenStreetMap. It is not perfect, particularly in dense urban areas but it provides good recall in rural areas.

What is the coordinate reference system?

EPSG: 4326

Will there be more data coming for other geographies?

Maybe. This is a work in progress. Also, check out our other building releases!


Contributing

This project welcomes contributions and suggestions. Most contributions require you to agree to a Contributor License Agreement (CLA) declaring that you have the right to, and actually do, grant us the rights to use your contribution. For details, visit https://cla.microsoft.com.

When you submit a pull request, a CLA-bot will automatically determine whether you need to provide a CLA and decorate the PR appropriately (e.g., label, comment). Simply follow the instructions provided by the bot. You will only need to do this once across all repos using our CLA.

This project has adopted the Microsoft Open Source Code of Conduct. For more information see the Code of Conduct FAQ or contact opencode@microsoft.com with any additional questions or comments.

Legal Notices

Microsoft, Windows, Microsoft Azure and/or other Microsoft products and services referenced in the documentation may be either trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft in the United States and/or other countries. The licenses for this project do not grant you rights to use any Microsoft names, logos, or trademarks. Microsoft's general trademark guidelines can be found here.

Privacy information can be found here.

Microsoft and any contributors reserve all others rights, whether under their respective copyrights, patents, or trademarks, whether by implication, estoppel or otherwise.