一、PO模式简介

1.起源

PO模式是国外大神Martin Fowler于2013年提出来的一种设计模式，其基本**是强调代码逻辑和业务逻辑相分离。 https://martinfowler.com/bliki/PageObject.html

2.PO六大原则

翻译成中文就是：

公共方法表示页面提供的服务尽量不要暴露页面的内部实现页面中不要加断言，断言加载方法返回另外的页面对象不需要封装全部的页面元素相同的行为、不同的结果，需要封装成不同的方法

3.PO设计模式分析

用Page Object表示UI
减少重复样本代码
让变更范围控制在Page Object内
本质是面向对象编程

4.PO封装的主要组成元素

Driver对象：完成对WEB、Android、iOS、接口的驱动
Page对象：完成对页面的封装
测试用例：调用Page对象实现业务并断言
数据封装：配置文件和数据驱动
Utils：其他功能/工具封装，改善原生框架不足

5.业内常见的分层模型

1）四层模型

Driver层完成对webdriver常用方法的二次封装，如：定位元素方法；
Elements层：存放元素属性值，如图标、按钮的resourceId、className等；
Page层：存放页面对象，通常一个UI界面封装一个对象类；
Case层：调用各个页面对象类，组合业务逻辑、形成测试用例。

2）三层模型（推荐）

四层模型与三层模型唯一的区别就是将Page层与Elements层存放在一起；各个页面对象文件同时包含当前页面中各个图标、按钮的resourceId、className等属性值，以便随时调用。

二、APP自动化测试实战

1.设计项目结构

.
├── conftest.py
├── pom
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── basepage.py
│   ├── bbspage
│   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   ├── searchpage.py
│   └── mainpage
│       ├── __init__.py
│       ├── bbspage.py
│       ├── homepage.py
│       └── minepage.py
├── resource
│   └── app-auto-test
│       ├── zeekr-01-01.png
│       ├── zeekr-01-02.png
│       ├── zeekr-01-03.png
│       ├── zeekr-02-01.png
│       ├── zeekr-02-02.png
│       ├── zeekr-02-03.png
│       ├── zeekr-03-01.png
│       ├── zeekr-03-02.png
│       ├── zeekr-03-03.png
│       ├── zeekr-04-01.png
│       ├── zeekr-04-02.png
│       ├── zeekr-04-03.png
│       ├── zeekr-05-01.png
│       ├── zeekr-05-02.png
│       └── zeekr-05-03.png
└── testcases
├── __init__.py
    └── test_hot_search.py

2.配置appium连接参数

# _*_coding: utf-8 _*_

"""
Create by Zimo on 2022/3/10.
"""

import time
import pytest
from appium import webdriver  # appium 的 webdriver


@pytest.fixture(scope='session')
def driver():
    desired_caps = {
        "platformName": "Android",
        "appium:platformVersion": "11",
        "appium:automationName": "UiAutomator2",
        "appium:deviceName": "HUAWEI",
        "appium:appPackage": "com.zeekrlife.mobile",
        "appium:appActivity": "com.zeekrlife.main.SplashActivity",
        "appium:noReset": True,
        "appium:autoAcceptAlerts": True
    }
    app = webdriver.Remote('http://127.0.0.1:4723/wd/hub', desired_caps)
    time.sleep(3)
    app.implicitly_wait(10)  # 全局的隐式等待时间
    
    yield app  # 将driver传递出来
    # 所有的用例执行之后
    app.quit()

3.封装BasePage

即Driver层，对uiautomator2进行二次封装，所有Page类都会直接或间接继承BasePage

# _*_coding: utf-8 _*_

"""
所有页面的基类
Create by Zimo on 2022/3/12.
"""

from appium.webdriver.webdriver import WebDriver
from appium.webdriver.common.appiumby import AppiumBy as By

command_ime_list = 'adb shell ime list -s'
command_set_sogou = 'adb shell ime set com.sohu.inputmethod.sogou/.SogouIME'
command_set_unicode = 'adb shell ime set io.appium.settings/.UnicodeIME'


class BasePage:
    """
    第一层：对WebDriver进行二次封装，定义一个所有页面都继承的BasePage
    封装WebDriver基本方法，如：元素定位，元素等待，翻页等
    不需要全部封装，用到多少就封装多少
    """

    def __init__(self, webdriver: WebDriver):
        self.app = webdriver
        self.size = self.app.get_window_size()

    def find_element_by_id(self, element_id):
        """通过id定位单个元素"""
        try:
            return self.app.find_element(By.ID, element_id)
        except Exception as e:
            print(f'页面中没有找到id为{element_id}的元素')
            raise e

    def find_elements_by_id(self, element_id):
        """通过id定位多个元素"""
        try:
            return self.app.find_elements(By.ID, element_id)
        except Exception as e:
            print(f'页面中没有找到id为{element_id}的元素')
            raise e
        
    def find_element_by_xpath(self, element_xpath):
        """通过xpath定位单个元素"""
        try:
            return self.app.find_element(By.XPATH, element_xpath)
        except Exception as e:
            print(f'页面中没有找到xpath为{element_xpath}的元素')
            raise e

    def find_elements_by_xpath(self, element_xpath):
        """通过xpath定位多个元素"""
        try:
            return self.app.find_elements(By.XPATH, element_xpath)
        except Exception as e:
            print(f'页面中没有找到xpath为{element_xpath}的元素')
            raise e

    def get_toast_text(self) -> str:
        """获取toast文本"""
        toast = self.app.find_element(By.XPATH, '//android.widget.Toast')
        return toast.text

    def swipe_up(self, start_ratio: float, ratio=0.5, x=0.5, t=2000, n=1):
        """向上滑动屏幕"""
        if 0 < start_ratio - ratio < 1:
            start_x = int(self.size['width'] * x)
            start_y = int(self.size['height'] * start_ratio)
            end_y = int(self.size['height'] * (start_ratio - ratio))
            for i in range(n):
                self.app.swipe(start_x, start_y, start_x, end_y, t)

    def swipe_down(self, start_ratio: float, ratio=0.5, x=0.5, t=2000, n=1):
        """向下滑动屏幕"""
        if 0 < ratio + start_ratio < 1:
            start_x = int(self.size['width'] * x)
            start_y = int(self.size['height'] * start_ratio)
            end_y = int(self.size['height'] * (start_ratio, + ratio))
            for i in range(n):
                self.app.swipe(start_x, start_y, start_x, end_y, t)

    def swipe_left(self, start_ratio: float, ratio=0.5, y=0.5, t=2000, n=1):
        """向左滑动屏幕"""
        if 0 < start_ratio - ratio < 1:
            start_x = int(self.size['width'] * start_ratio)
            start_y = int(self.size['height'] * y)
            end_x = int(self.size['width'] * (start_ratio - ratio))
            for i in range(n):
                self.app.swipe(start_x, start_y, end_x, start_y, t)

    def swipe_right(self, start_ratio: float, ratio=0.5, y=0.5, t=2000, n=1):
        """向右滑动屏幕"""
        if 0 < ratio + start_ratio < 1:
            start_x = int(self.size['width'] * start_ratio)
            start_y = int(self.size['height'] * y)
            end_x = int(self.size['width'] * (start_ratio + ratio))
            for i in range(n):
                self.app.swipe(start_x, start_y, end_x, start_y, t)

    def swipe_custom(self, start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y, t=500):
        """自定义滑动屏幕"""
        self.app.swipe(start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y, t)

4.定义各个页面Page

所有页面Page类都继承BasePage。根据PO模式六大原则之一的“不需要封装全部的页面元素”，用到多少页面元素就封装多少。例如：当前待测APP有3个界面，则定义3个页面Page：

home_page.py
bbs_page.py
mine_page.py

1）home_page.py

# _*_coding: utf-8 _*_

"""
Create by Zimo on 2022/3/12.
"""

from appium.webdriver.webdriver import WebDriver
from pom.basepage import BasePage
from pom.mainpage.bbspage import BbsPage

from pom.mainpage.findpage import FindPage
from pom.mainpage.minepage import MinePage


class HomePage(BasePage):
    """
    主App模型
    """

    def __init__(self, webdriver: WebDriver):
        super().__init__(webdriver)
        self.bbs_icon = 'com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/tab_community'
        self.find_icon = 'com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/tab_message'
        self.vehicle_icon = 'com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/tab_vehicle'
        self.mall_icon = 'com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/tab_mall'
        self.mine_icon = 'com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/tab_mine'

    def click_bbs_icon(self) -> BbsPage:
        """
        跳转"社区"页面
        :return: BbsPage
        """
        self.find_element_by_id(self.bbs_icon).click()
        return BbsPage(self.app)

    def click_find_icon(self):
        """
        跳转"发现"页面
        :return: FindPage
        """
        self.find_element_by_id(self.find_icon).click()
        return FindPage(self.app)

    def click_vehicle_icon(self):
        """
        跳转"爱车"页面
        :return:
        """
        self.find_element_by_id(self.vehicle_icon).click()
        # TODO

    def click_mall_icon(self):
        """
        跳转"极物"页面
        :return:
        """
        self.find_element_by_id(self.mall_icon).click()
        # TODO

    def click_mine_icon(self):
        """
        跳转"我的"页面
        :return: MinePage
        """
        self.find_element_by_id(self.mine_icon).click()
        return MinePage(self.app)

2）bbs_page.py

# _*_coding: utf-8 _*_

"""
Create by Zimo on 2022/3/12.
"""

from appium.webdriver.webdriver import WebDriver

from pom.basepage import BasePage
from pom.bbspage.writeshortpostpage import WriteShortPostPage


class BbsPage(BasePage):
    """
    "社区"页面模型
    """

    def __init__(self, webdriver: WebDriver):
        super().__init__(webdriver)
        self.add_icon = 'com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/imgv_add'
        self.short_icon = 'com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/tv_short'
        self.long_icon = 'com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/tv_long'
        self.question_icon = 'com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/tv_question'
        self.friend_icon = 'com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/new_friend'
        self.scan_icon = 'com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/tv_scan'
        self.search_box = 'com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/search_view_flipper'
        self.recommend_tab = '//android.widget.LinearLayout[@content-desc="推荐"]'
        self.news_tab = '//android.widget.LinearLayout[@content-desc="资讯"]'
        self.faq_tab = '//android.widget.LinearLayout[@content-desc="问答"]'
        self.dynamic_tab = '//android.widget.LinearLayout[@content-desc="动态"]'

    def click_add(self):
        """
        点击"+"号
        :return: None
        """
        self.find_element_by_id(self.add_icon).click()
        # time.sleep(1)

    def click_short_icon(self):
        """
        发动态
        :return: WriteShortPostPage
        """
        self.find_element_by_id(self.short_icon).click()
        return WriteShortPostPage(self.app)

    def click_long_icon(self):
        """
        发文章
        :return:
        """
        self.find_element_by_id(self.long_icon).click()
        # TODO

    def click_question_icon(self):
        """
        去提问
        :return:
        """
        self.click_add()
        self.find_element_by_id(self.question_icon).click()
        # TODO

    def click_friend_icon(self):
        """
        加好友
        :return:
        """
        self.click_add()
        self.find_element_by_id(self.friend_icon).click()
        # TODO

    def click_scan_icon(self):
        """
        扫一扫
        :return:
        """
        self.click_add()
        self.find_element_by_id(self.scan_icon).click()
        # TODO

    def click_search_box(self):
        """
        跳转"搜索"页面
        :return:
        """
        self.find_element_by_id(self.search_box).click()
        # TODO

    def click_recommend_tab(self):
        """
        跳转"推荐"页面
        :return:
        """
        self.find_element_by_xpath(self.recommend_tab).click()
        # TODO

    def click_news_tab(self):
        """
        跳转"资讯"页面
        :return:
        """
        self.find_element_by_xpath(self.news_tab).click()
        # TODO

    def click_faq_tab(self):
        """
        跳转"问答"页面
        :return:
        """
        self.find_element_by_xpath(self.faq_tab).click()
        # TODO

    def click_dynamic_tab(self):
        """
        跳转"动态"页面
        :return:
        """
        self.find_element_by_xpath(self.dynamic_tab).click()
        # TODO

3）search_page.py

# _*_coding: utf-8 _*_

"""
Create by Zimo on 2022/3/13.
"""

from appium.webdriver.webdriver import WebDriver

from pom.basepage import BasePage


class SearchPage(BasePage):
    """
    搜索-页面模型
    """

    def __init__(self, webdriver: WebDriver):
        super().__init__(webdriver)
        self.search_box = 'com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/editSearch'
        self.synthesize_tab = '//android.widget.LinearLayout[@content-desc="内容"]'
        self.faq_tab = '//android.widget.LinearLayout[@content-desc="问答"]'
        self.square_tab = '//android.widget.LinearLayout[@content-desc="广场"]'
        self.activity_tab = '//android.widget.LinearLayout[@content-desc="活动"]'
        self.user_tab = '//android.widget.LinearLayout[@content-desc="用户"]'
        self.clear_search_icon = 'com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/imgv_clear'
        self.delete_history_icon = 'com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/imgv_delete'
        self.search_history = '//*[@resource-id="com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/flexbox"]/android.widget.TextView'
        self.back_icon = 'com.zeekrlife.mobile:id/toolbar_left_imgv'

    def input_search_box(self, content):
        """
        搜索
        :param content:搜索内容
        :return:None
        """
        self.find_element_by_id(self.search_box).click()
        self.find_element_by_id(self.search_box).send_keys(content)
        self.app.keyevent(66)

    def click_synthesize_tab(self):
        """
        点击综合
        :return:None
        """
        self.find_element_by_xpath(self.synthesize_tab).click()

    def click_faq_tab(self):
        """
        点击问答
        :return:None
        """
        self.find_element_by_xpath().click()

    def click_square_tab(self):
        """
        点击广场
        :return:None
        """
        self.find_element_by_xpath(self.square_tab).click()

    def click_activity_tab(self):
        """
        点击活动
        :return:None
        """
        self.find_element_by_xpath(self.activity_tab).click()

    def click_user_tab(self):
        """
        点击用户
        :return:None
        """
        self.find_element_by_xpath(self.user_tab).click()

    def clear_search_box(self):
        """
        清除搜索内容
        :return:None
        """
        self.find_element_by_id(self.clear_search_icon).click()

    def clear_search_history(self):
        """
        删除历史搜索记录
        :return:None
        """
        self.find_element_by_id(self.delete_history_icon).click()

    def get_search_history(self):
        """
        获取搜索历史
        :return:None
        """
        search_history_list = []
        ele_list = self.find_elements_by_xpath(self.search_history)
        for search_history in ele_list:
            search_history_list.append(search_history.text)
        return search_history_list

    def click_back_icon(self):
        """
        返回社区页面
        :return:None
        """
        self.find_element_by_id(self.back_icon).click()

5.编写测试用例

测试用例实际上是调用各个页面对象组合成的一个业务逻辑集合，中间再加入一些控制结构（选择结构if...else、循环结构for）、断言等，就形成了最终的测试用例。

# _*_coding: utf-8 _*_

"""
环境测试
Create by Zimo on 2022/3/10.
"""

from pom.mainpage.homepage import HomePage


def test_search(driver):
    home = HomePage(driver)
    bbs = home.click_bbs_icon()
    search = bbs.click_search_box()
    search.search("续航")
    search.clear_search_box()
    search_history = search.get_search_history()
    assert "续航" == search_history[0]

chengmo23/appium-ui