Gherkin is a parser and compiler for the Gherkin language.
It is intended to replace Gherkin 2 and be used by
all Cucumber implementations to parse .feature files.
If you want a reference implementation of Cucumber, take a look at microcuke.
Gherkin is currently implemented for the following platforms (in order of birthday):
See CONTRIBUTING.md if you want to contribute a parser for a new language.
Our wish-list is (in no particular order):
- C
- PHP
- Rust
- Elixir
// Java
Parser<Feature> parser = new Parser<>(new AstBuilder());
Feature feature = parser.parse("Feature: ...");
List<Pickle> pickles = new Compiler().compile(feature, "path/to/the.feature")// C#
var parser = new Parser();
var feature = parser.Parse("Feature: ...");# Ruby
require 'gherkin/parser'
require 'gherkin/pickles/compiler'
parser = Gherkin::Parser.new
feature = parser.parse("Feature: ...")
pickles = Gherkin::Pickles::Compiler.new.compile(feature, "path/to/the.feature")// JavaScript
var Gherkin = require('gherkin');
var parser = new Gherkin.Parser();
var feature = parser.parse("Feature: ...");
var pickles = new Gherkin.Compiler().compile(feature, "path/to/the.feature");// Go
import (
"strings"
"github.com/cucumber/gherkin-go"
)
reader := strings.NewReader(`Feature: ...`)
feature, err := gherkin.ParseFeature(reader)Download the package via: go get github.com/cucumber/gherkin-go
# Python
from gherkin.parser import Parser
from gherkin.pickles.compiler import compile
parser = Parser()
feature = parser.parse("Feature: ...")
pickles = compile(feature, "path/to/the.feature")//Objective-C
#import "GHParser+Extensions.h"
GHParser * featureParser = [[GHParser alloc] init];
NSString * featureFilePath; //Shoud refere to the place where we can get the content of the feature
NSString * content = [NSString stringWithContentsOfURL:featureFilePath encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:nil];
if([content stringByTrimmingCharactersInSet:[NSCharacterSet whitespaceAndNewlineCharacterSet]].length == 0){
//GHParser will throw an error if you passed empty content... handle this issue first.
}
//GHFeature contains all the information found during parsing the feature content
GHFeature * result = [featureParser parseContent:content];use Gherkin::Parser;
use Gherkin::Pickles::Compiler;
my $parser = Gherkin::Parser->new();
my $feature = $parser->parse("Feature: ...");
my $pickles = Gherkin::Pickles::Compiler->compile($feature, "path/to/the.feature");If you want to use a newline character in a table cell, you can write this
as \n. If you need a '|' as part of the cell, you can escape it as \|. And
finally, if you need a '', you can escape that with \\.
The following diagram outlines the architecture:
╔════════════╗ ┌───────┐ ╔══════╗ ┌──────┐ ╔═══╗
║Feature file║──>│Scanner│──>║Tokens║──>│Parser│──>║AST║
╚════════════╝ └───────┘ ╚══════╝ └──────┘ ╚═══╝
The scanner reads a gherkin doc (typically read from a .feature file) and creates
a token for each line. The tokens are passed to the parser, which outputs an AST
(Abstract Syntax Tree).
If the scanner sees a # language header, it will reconfigure itself dynamically
to look for Gherkin keywords for the associated language. The keywords are defined in
gherkin-languages.json.
The scanner is hand-written, but the parser is generated by the Berp parser generator as part of the build process.
Berp takes a grammar file (gherkin.berp) and a template file (gherkin-X.razor) as input
and outputs a parser in language X:
╔════════════╗ ┌────────┐ ╔═══════════════╗
║gherkin.berp║──>│berp.exe│<──║gherkin-X.razor║
╚════════════╝ └────────┘ ╚═══════════════╝
│
V
╔════════╗
║Parser.x║
╚════════╝
Also see the wiki for some early design docs (which might be a little outdated, but mostly OK).
The AST produced by the parser can be described with the following class diagram:
Every class represents a node in the AST. Every node has a Location that describes
the line number and column number in the input file. These numbers are 1-indexed.
All fields on nodes are strings (except for Location.line and Location.column).
The implementation is simple objects without behaviour, only data. It's up to the implementation to decide whether to use classes or just basic collections, but the AST must have a JSON representation (this is used for testing).
Each node in the JSON representation also has a type property with the name
of the node type.
You can see some examples in the testdata/good directory.
The compiler compiles the AST produced by the parser into a simpler form - Pickles.
╔═══╗ ┌────────┐ ╔═══════╗
║AST║──>│Compiler│──>║Pickles║
╚═══╝ └────────┘ ╚═══════╝
The rationale is to decouple Gherkin from Cucumber so that Cucumber is open to support alternative formats to Gherkin (for example Markdown).
The simpler Pickles data structure also simplifies the internals of Cucumber. With the compilation logic maintained in the Gherkin library we can easily use the same test suite for all implementations to verify that compilation is behaving consistently between implementations.
Each Scenario will be compiled into a Pickle. A Pickle has a list of
PickleStep, derived from steps in a Scenario.
Each Examples row under Scenario Outline will also be compiled into a Pickle.
Any Background steps will also be compiled into each Pickle.
Tags are compiled into the Pickle as well (inheriting tags from parent elements
in the Gherkin AST).
Example:
@a
Feature:
@b @c
Scenario Outline:
Given <x>
Examples:
| x |
| y |
@d @e
Scenario Outline:
Given <m>
@f
Examples:
| m |
| n |This will be compiled into several Pickle objects (here represented as JSON):
[
{
"locations": [
{
"column": 7,
"line": 9,
"path": "../testdata/good/scenario_outlines_with_tags.feature"
},
{
"column": 3,
"line": 4,
"path": "../testdata/good/scenario_outlines_with_tags.feature"
}
],
"name": "Scenario: ",
"steps": [
{
"arguments": [],
"locations": [
{
"column": 7,
"line": 9,
"path": "../testdata/good/scenario_outlines_with_tags.feature"
},
{
"column": 11,
"line": 5,
"path": "../testdata/good/scenario_outlines_with_tags.feature"
}
],
"text": "y"
}
],
"tags": [
{
"location": {
"column": 1,
"line": 1,
"path": "../testdata/good/scenario_outlines_with_tags.feature"
},
"name": "@a"
},
{
"location": {
"column": 3,
"line": 3,
"path": "../testdata/good/scenario_outlines_with_tags.feature"
},
"name": "@b"
},
{
"location": {
"column": 6,
"line": 3,
"path": "../testdata/good/scenario_outlines_with_tags.feature"
},
"name": "@c"
}
]
},
{
"locations": [
{
"column": 7,
"line": 18,
"path": "../testdata/good/scenario_outlines_with_tags.feature"
},
{
"column": 3,
"line": 12,
"path": "../testdata/good/scenario_outlines_with_tags.feature"
}
],
"name": "Scenario: ",
"steps": [
{
"arguments": [],
"locations": [
{
"column": 7,
"line": 18,
"path": "../testdata/good/scenario_outlines_with_tags.feature"
},
{
"column": 11,
"line": 13,
"path": "../testdata/good/scenario_outlines_with_tags.feature"
}
],
"text": "n"
}
],
"tags": [
{
"location": {
"column": 1,
"line": 1,
"path": "../testdata/good/scenario_outlines_with_tags.feature"
},
"name": "@a"
},
{
"location": {
"column": 3,
"line": 11,
"path": "../testdata/good/scenario_outlines_with_tags.feature"
},
"name": "@d"
},
{
"location": {
"column": 6,
"line": 11,
"path": "../testdata/good/scenario_outlines_with_tags.feature"
},
"name": "@e"
},
{
"location": {
"column": 5,
"line": 15,
"path": "../testdata/good/scenario_outlines_with_tags.feature"
},
"name": "@f"
}
]
}
]Each Pickle keeps a pointer back to the original source. This is useful for
generating reports and stack traces when a Scenario fails.
Cucumber will further transform this list of Pickle structs to a list of TestCase
objects. TestCase objects link user code such as Hooks and Step Definitions.
See CONTRIBUTING.md