/bitnami-docker-mariadb-galera

Bitnami MariaDB Galera Docker Image

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What is MariaDB Galera?

MariaDB Galera is a multi-master database cluster solution for synchronous replication and high availability.

https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/galera-cluster/

TL;DR;

$ docker run --name mariadb \
  -e ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes \
  bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

Docker Compose

$ curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitnami/bitnami-docker-mariadb-galera/master/docker-compose.yml > docker-compose.yml
$ docker-compose up -d

Why use Bitnami Images?

  • Bitnami closely tracks upstream source changes and promptly publishes new versions of this image using our automated systems.
  • With Bitnami images the latest bug fixes and features are available as soon as possible.
  • Bitnami containers, virtual machines and cloud images use the same components and configuration approach - making it easy to switch between formats based on your project needs.
  • All our images are based on minideb a minimalist Debian based container image which gives you a small base container image and the familiarity of a leading linux distribution.
  • All Bitnami images available in Docker Hub are signed with Docker Content Trust (DTC). You can use DOCKER_CONTENT_TRUST=1 to verify the integrity of the images.
  • Bitnami container images are released daily with the latest distribution packages available.

This CVE scan report contains a security report with all open CVEs. To get the list of actionable security issues, find the "latest" tag, click the vulnerability report link under the corresponding "Security scan" field and then select the "Only show fixable" filter on the next page.

How to deploy MariaDB Galera in Kubernetes?

Deploying Bitnami applications as Helm Charts is the easiest way to get started with our applications on Kubernetes. Read more about the installation in the Bitnami MariaDB Galera Chart GitHub repository.

Bitnami containers can be used with Kubeapps for deployment and management of Helm Charts in clusters.

Why use a non-root container?

Non-root container images add an extra layer of security and are generally recommended for production environments. However, because they run as a non-root user, privileged tasks are typically off-limits. Learn more about non-root containers in our docs.

Supported tags and respective Dockerfile links

NOTE: Debian 9 and Oracle Linux 7 images have been deprecated in favor of Debian 10 images. Bitnami will not longer publish new Docker images based on Debian 9 or Oracle Linux 7.

Learn more about the Bitnami tagging policy and the difference between rolling tags and immutable tags in our documentation page.

Subscribe to project updates by watching the bitnami/mariadb-galera GitHub repo.

Get this image

The recommended way to get the Bitnami MariaDB Galera Docker Image is to pull the prebuilt image from the Docker Hub Registry.

$ docker pull bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

To use a specific version, you can pull a versioned tag. You can view the list of available versions in the Docker Hub Registry.

$ docker pull bitnami/mariadb-galera:[TAG]

If you wish, you can also build the image yourself by cloning the repository, changing to the directory containing the Dockerfile and executing the docker build command. Remember to replace the VERSION and OPERATING-SYSTEM path placeholders in the example command below with the correct values.

$ git clone https://github.com/bitnami/bitnami-docker-mariadb-galera.git
$ cd bitnami-docker-mariadb/VERSION/OPERATING-SYSTEM
$ docker build -t bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest .

Persisting your database

If you remove the container all your data will be lost, and the next time you run the image the database will be reinitialized. To avoid this loss of data, you should mount a volume that will persist even after the container is removed.

For persistence you should mount a directory at the /bitnami/mariadb path. If the mounted directory is empty, it will be initialized on the first run.

$ docker run \
    -e ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes \
    -v /path/to/mariadb-persistence:/bitnami/mariadb \
    bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

or by modifying the docker-compose.yml file present in this repository:

services:
  mariadb:
  ...
    volumes:
      - /path/to/mariadb-persistence:/bitnami/mariadb
  ...

Connecting to other containers

Using Docker container networking, a MariaDB server running inside a container can easily be accessed by your application containers.

Containers attached to the same network can communicate with each other using the container name as the hostname.

Using the Command Line

In this example, we will create a MariaDB client instance that will connect to the server instance that is running on the same docker network as the client.

Step 1: Create a network

$ docker network create app-tier --driver bridge

Step 2: Launch the MariaDB server instance

Use the --network app-tier argument to the docker run command to attach the MariaDB container to the app-tier network.

$ docker run -d --name mariadb-galera \
    -e ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes \
    --network app-tier \
    bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

Step 3: Launch your MariaDB client instance

Finally we create a new container instance to launch the MariaDB client and connect to the server created in the previous step:

$ docker run -it --rm \
    --network app-tier \
    bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest mysql -h mariadb-galera -u root

Using Docker Compose

When not specified, Docker Compose automatically sets up a new network and attaches all deployed services to that network. However, we will explicitly define a new bridge network named app-tier. In this example we assume that you want to connect to the MariaDB server from your own custom application image which is identified in the following snippet by the service name myapp.

version: '2'

networks:
  app-tier:
    driver: bridge

services:
  mariadb-galera:
    image: 'bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest'
    environment:
      - ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes
    networks:
      - app-tier
  myapp:
    image: 'YOUR_APPLICATION_IMAGE'
    networks:
      - app-tier

IMPORTANT:

  1. Please update the YOUR_APPLICATION_IMAGE placeholder in the above snippet with your application image
  2. In your application container, use the hostname mariadb to connect to the MariaDB server

Launch the containers using:

$ docker-compose up -d

Configuration

Initializing a new instance

When the container is executed for the first time, it will execute the files with extensions .sh, .sql and .sql.gz located at /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d.

In order to have your custom files inside the docker image you can mount them as a volume.

Passing extra command-line flags to mysqld startup

Passing extra command-line flags to the mysqld service command is possible through the following env var:

  • MARIADB_EXTRA_FLAGS: Flags to be appended to the startup command. No defaults
$ docker run --name mariadb \
  -e ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes \
  -e MARIADB_EXTRA_FLAGS='--max-connect-errors=1000 --max_connections=155' \
    bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

or by modifying the docker-compose.yml file present in this repository:

services:
  mariadb:
  ...
    environment:
      - MARIADB_EXTRA_FLAGS=--max-connect-errors=1000 --max_connections=155
  ...

Setting character set and collation

It is possible to configure the character set and collation used by default by the database with the following environment variables:

  • MARIADB_CHARACTER_SET: The default character set to use. Default: utf8
  • MARIADB_COLLATION: The default collation to use. Default: utf8_general_ci

Setting the root password on first run

The root user and password can easily be setup with the Bitnami MariaDB Galera Docker image using the following environment variables:

  • MARIADB_ROOT_USER: The database admin user. Defaults to root.
  • MARIADB_ROOT_PASSWORD: The database admin user password. No defaults.

Passing the MARIADB_ROOT_PASSWORD environment variable when running the image for the first time will set the password of the MARIADB_ROOT_USER user to the value of MARIADB_ROOT_PASSWORD.

$ docker run --name mariadb \
  -e MARIADB_ROOT_PASSWORD=password123 \
  bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

or by modifying the docker-compose.yml file present in this repository:

services:
  mariadb:
  ...
    environment:
      - MARIADB_ROOT_PASSWORD=password123
  ...

Warning The MARIADB_ROOT_USER user is always created with remote access. It's suggested that the MARIADB_ROOT_PASSWORD env variable is always specified to set a password for the MARIADB_ROOT_USER user. In case you want to allow the MARIADB_ROOT_USER user to access the database without a password set the environment variable ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes. This is suggested only for development or testing environments.

Allowing empty passwords

By default the MariaDB Galera image expects all the available passwords to be set. In order to allow empty passwords, it is necessary to set the ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes env variable. This env variable is only suggested for testing or development purposes. We strongly recommend specifying the MARIADB_ROOT_PASSWORD for any other scenario.

$ docker run --name mariadb \
  -e ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes \
  bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

or by modifying the docker-compose.yml file present in this repository:

services:
  mariadb:
  ...
    environment:
      - ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes
  ...

Creating a database on first run

By passing the MARIADB_DATABASE environment variable when running the image for the first time, a database will be created. This is useful if your application requires that a database already exists, saving you from having to manually create the database using the MySQL client.

$ docker run --name mariadb \
    -e ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes \
    -e MARIADB_DATABASE=my_database \
    bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

or by modifying the docker-compose.yml file present in this repository:

services:
  mariadb:
  ...
    environment:
      - ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes
      - MARIADB_DATABASE=my_database
  ...

Creating a database user on first run

You can create a restricted database user that only has permissions for the database created with the MARIADB_DATABASE environment variable. To do this, provide the MARIADB_USER environment variable and to set a password for the database user provide the MARIADB_PASSWORD variable.

$ docker run --name mariadb \
  -e ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes \
  -e MARIADB_USER=my_user \
  -e MARIADB_PASSWORD=my_password \
  -e MARIADB_DATABASE=my_database \
  bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

or by modifying the docker-compose.yml file present in this repository:

services:
  mariadb:
  ...
    environment:
      - ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes
      - MARIADB_USER=my_user
      - MARIADB_PASSWORD=my_password
      - MARIADB_DATABASE=my_database
  ...

Note! The root user will be created with remote access and without a password if ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD is enabled. Please provide the MARIADB_ROOT_PASSWORD env variable instead if you want to set a password for the root user.

Enabling LDAP support

LDAP configuration parameters must be specified if you wish to enable LDAP support for your MariaDB Galera cluster. The following environment variables are available to configure LDAP support:

  • MARIADB_ENABLE_LDAP: Whether to enable LDAP authentication. Defaults to no.
  • LDAP_URI: LDAP URL beginning in the form ldap[s]:/<hostname>:<port>. No defaults.
  • LDAP_BASE: LDAP base DN. No defaults.
  • LDAP_BIND_DN: LDAP bind DN. No defaults.
  • LDAP_BIND_PASSWORD: LDAP bind password. No defaults.
  • LDAP_BASE_LOOKUP: LDAP base lookup (Optional). No defaults.
  • LDAP_NSS_INITGROUPS_IGNOREUSERS: LDAP ignored users. Defaults to root,nslcd.
  • LDAP_SCOPE: LDAP search scope (Optional). No defaults.
  • LDAP_TLS_REQCERT: LDAP TLS check on server certificates (Optional). No defaults.

Step 1: Start MariaDB Galera with LDAP support

$ docker run --name mariadb \
  -e ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes \
  -e MARIADB_ENABLE_LDAP=yes \
  -e LDAP_URI=ldap://ldap.example.org/ \
  -e LDAP_BASE=dc=example,dc=org \
  -e LDAP_BIND_DN=cn=admin,dc=example,dc=org \
  -e LDAP_BIND_PASSWORD=admin \
  bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

or by modifying the docker-compose.yml file present in this repository:

services:
  mariadb:
  ...
    environment:
      - MARIADB_ENABLE_LDAP=yes
      - LDAP_URI=ldap://ldap.example.org/
      - LDAP_BASE=dc=example,dc=org
      - LDAP_BIND_DN=cn=admin,dc=example,dc=org
      - LDAP_BIND_PASSWORD=admin
  ...

Note: The LDAP connection parameters can be fine tuned by specifying the LDAP_BASE_LOOKUP, LDAP_SCOPE and LDAP_TLS_REQCERT environment variables.

Step 2: Configure PAM authenticated LDAP users

Login to the MariaDB server using the root credentials and configure the LDAP users you wish to have access to the MariaDB Galera cluster.

$ mysql -uroot -e "CREATE USER 'foo'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED VIA pam USING 'mariadb';"

The above command configures the database user foo to authenticate itself with the LDAP credentials to log in to MariaDB Galera server.

Refer to the OpenLDAP Administrator's Guide to learn more about LDAP.

Securing Galera cluster traffic

To secure the traffic you must mount the certificates files and set the following environment variables in all the cluster members:

  • MARIADB_ENABLE_TLS: Whether to enable TLS for traffic. Defaults to no.
  • MARIADB_TLS_CERT_FILE: File containing the certificate file for the TSL traffic. No defaults.
  • MARIADB_TLS_KEY_FILE: File containing the key for certificate. No defaults.
  • MARIADB_TLS_CA_FILE: File containing the CA of the certificate. No defaults.

Start MariaDB Galera with secured traffic

$ docker run --name mariadb \
  -v /path/to/cert.pem:/bitnami/mariadb/certs/cert.pem:ro
  -v /path/to/key.pem:/bitnami/mariadb/certs/key.pem:ro
  -v /path/to/ca.pem:/bitnami/mariadb/certs/ca.pem:ro
  -e ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes \
  -e MARIADB_ENABLE_SSL=yes \
  -e MARIADB_TLS_CERT_FILE=/bitnami/mariadb/certs/cert.pem \
  -e MARIADB_TLS_KEY_FILE=/bitnami/mariadb/certs/key.pem \
  -e MARIADB_TLS_CA_FILE=/bitnami/mariadb/certs/ca.pem \
  bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

Connecting over TLS

To connect to the server using TLS you need to mount the CA certificate file and start the client using the --ssl-ca parameter

$ docker run -it --rm \
    -v /path/to/ca.pem:/bitnami/mariadb/certs/ca.pem:ro \
    --network app-tier \
    bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest mysql -h mariadb-galera -u root --ssl-ca=/bitnami/mariadb/certs/ca.pem

Setting up a multi-master cluster

A zero downtime MariaDB Galera replication cluster can easily be setup with the Bitnami MariaDB Galera Docker image by starting additional MariaDB Galera nodes. The following environment variables are available to configure the cluster:

  • MARIADB_GALERA_CLUSTER_BOOTSTRAP: Whether node is first node of the cluster. No defaults.
  • MARIADB_GALERA_CLUSTER_NAME: Galera cluster name. Default to galera.
  • MARIADB_GALERA_CLUSTER_ADDRESS: Galera cluster address to join. Defaults to gcomm:// on a bootstrap node.
  • MARIADB_GALERA_NODE_ADDRESS: Node address to report to the Galera cluster. Defaults to eth0 address inside container.
  • MARIADB_GALERA_MARIABACKUP_USER: mariabackup username for State Snapshot Transfer(SST). Defaults to mariabackup.
  • MARIADB_GALERA_MARIABACKUP_PASSWORD: mariabackup password for SST. No defaults.

In a MariaDB Galera cluster the first node should be a bootstrap node (started with MARIADB_GALERA_CLUSTER_BOOTSTRAP=yes). The other nodes in the cluster should not be started with this environment variable, instead the MARIADB_GALERA_CLUSTER_ADDRESS variable should be specified. All the nodes in the MariaDB Galera cluster are in read-write mode and therefore offers high availability for high traffic applications.

Step 1: Bootstrap the cluster

The first step is to start the MariaDB Galera bootstrap node.

$ docker run --name mariadb-galera-0 \
  -e MARIADB_GALERA_CLUSTER_BOOTSTRAP=yes \
  -e MARIADB_GALERA_CLUSTER_NAME=my_galera \
  -e MARIADB_GALERA_MARIABACKUP_USER=my_mariabackup_user \
  -e MARIADB_GALERA_MARIABACKUP_PASSWORD=my_mariabackup_password \
  -e MARIADB_ROOT_PASSWORD=my_root_password \
  -e MARIADB_USER=my_user \
  -e MARIADB_PASSWORD=my_password \
  -e MARIADB_DATABASE=my_database \
  bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

In the above command the container is configured as the bootstrap node by specifying the MARIADB_GALERA_CLUSTER_BOOTSTRAP parameter. The SST user is specified using the MARIADB_GALERA_MARIABACKUP_USER and MARIADB_GALERA_MARIABACKUP_PASSWORD parameters and a cluster name is specified using the MARIADB_GALERA_CLUSTER_NAME parameter.

Step 2: Add nodes to the cluster

Next we add a new node to the cluster.

$ docker run --name mariadb-galera-1 --link mariadb-galera-0:mariadb-galera \
  -e MARIADB_GALERA_CLUSTER_NAME=my_galera \
  -e MARIADB_GALERA_CLUSTER_ADDRESS=gcomm://mariadb-galera \
  -e MARIADB_GALERA_MARIABACKUP_USER=my_mariabackup_user \
  -e MARIADB_GALERA_MARIABACKUP_PASSWORD=my_mariabackup_password \
  bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

In the above command a new node is created and configured to join the bootstrapped MariaDB Galera cluster by specifying the MARIADB_GALERA_CLUSTER_ADDRESS parameter. The MARIADB_GALERA_CLUSTER_NAME, MARIADB_GALERA_MARIABACKUP_USER and MARIADB_GALERA_MARIABACKUP_PASSWORD are also specified for the Snapshot State Transfer (SST).

You now have a two node MariaDB Galera cluster up and running. Write to any node of the cluster are automatically propagated to every node. You can scale the cluster by adding/removing slaves without incurring any downtime.

Important: If you need to stop the MariaDB Galera cluster, ensure you stop the bootstrap node only after you have stopped all other nodes in the cluster. This ensure you do not loose any write that may have occurred while the nodes were being stopped.

Slow filesystems

In some platforms, the filesystem used for persistence could be slow. That could cause the database to take extra time to be ready. If that's the case, you can configure the MARIADB_INIT_SLEEP_TIME environment variable to make the initialization script to wait extra time (in seconds) before proceeding with the configuration operations.

Configuration file

The image looks for user-defined configurations in /opt/bitnami/mariadb/conf/my_custom.cnf. Create a file named my_custom.cnf and mount it at /opt/bitnami/mariadb/conf/my_custom.cnf.

For example, in order to override the max_allowed_packet directive:

Step 1: Write your my_custom.cnf file with the following content.

[mysqld]
max_allowed_packet=32M

Step 2: Run the MariaDB Galera image with the designed volume attached.

$ docker run --name mariadb \
    -p 3306:3306 \
    -e ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes \
    -v /path/to/my_custom.cnf:/opt/bitnami/mariadb/conf/my_custom.cnf:ro \
    -v /path/to/mariadb-persistence:/bitnami/mariadb \
    bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

or by modifying the docker-compose.yml file present in this repository:

services:
  mariadb:
  ...
    volumes:
      - /path/to/my_custom.cnf:/opt/bitnami/mariadb/conf/my_custom.cnf:ro
      - /path/to/mariadb-persistence:/bitnami/mariadb
  ...

After that, your changes will be taken into account in the server's behaviour.

Refer to the MySQL server option and variable reference guide for the complete list of configuration options.

Overwrite the main Configuration file

It is also possible to use your custom my.cnf and overwrite the main configuration file.

$ docker run --name mariadb \
  -e ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes \
  -v /path/to/my.cnf:/opt/bitnami/mariadb/conf/my.cnf:ro \
  bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

Logging

The Bitnami MariaDB Galera Docker image sends the container logs to stdout. To view the logs:

$ docker logs mariadb

or using Docker Compose:

$ docker-compose logs mariadb

You can configure the containers logging driver using the --log-driver option if you wish to consume the container logs differently. In the default configuration docker uses the json-file driver.

Maintenance

Upgrade this image

Bitnami provides up-to-date versions of MariaDB, including security patches, soon after they are made upstream. We recommend that you follow these steps to upgrade your container.

Step 1: Get the updated image

$ docker pull bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

or if you're using Docker Compose, update the value of the image property to bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest.

Step 2: Stop and backup the currently running container

Stop the currently running container using the command

$ docker stop mariadb

or using Docker Compose:

$ docker-compose stop mariadb

Next, take a snapshot of the persistent volume /path/to/mariadb-persistence using:

$ rsync -a /path/to/mariadb-persistence /path/to/mariadb-persistence.bkp.$(date +%Y%m%d-%H.%M.%S)

You can use this snapshot to restore the database state should the upgrade fail.

Step 3: Remove the currently running container

$ docker rm -v mariadb

or using Docker Compose:

$ docker-compose rm -v mariadb

Step 4: Run the new image

Re-create your container from the new image.

$ docker run --name mariadb bitnami/mariadb-galera:latest

or using Docker Compose:

$ docker-compose up mariadb

Useful Links

Notable Changes

10.4.12-debian-10-r53, 10.3.22-debian-10-r54, 10.2.31-debian-10-r53, and 10.1.44-debian-10-r53

  • The MariaDB Galera container has been migrated to a "non-root" user approach. Previously the container ran as the root user, and the MySQL daemon was started as the mysql user. From now on, both the container and the MySQL daemon run as user 1001. You can revert this behavior by changing USER 1001 to USER root in the Dockerfile.
  • Consequences:
    • Backwards compatibility is not guaranteed when data is persisted using docker or docker-compose. We highly recommend migrating the data site by creating a backup of the databse, and restoring it on a new MariaDB Galera container. In the link below you can find a guide that explain the whole process:
  • Environment variables related to LDAP configuration were renamed removing the MARIADB_ prefix. For instance, to indicate the LDAP URI to use, you must set LDAP_URI instead of MARIADB_LDAP_URI.

10.1.43-centos-7-r78, 10.2.30-centos-7-r40, 10.3.21-centos-7-r41, and 10.4.11-centos-7-r32

  • 10.1.43-centos-7-r78, 10.2.30-centos-7-r40, 10.3.21-centos-7-r41, and 10.4.11-centos-7-r32 are considered the latest images based on CentOS.
  • Standard supported distros: Debian & OEL.

Contributing

We'd love for you to contribute to this container. You can request new features by creating an issue, or submit a pull request with your contribution.

Issues

If you encountered a problem running this container, you can file an issue. For us to provide better support, be sure to include the following information in your issue:

  • Host OS and version
  • Docker version (docker version)
  • Output of docker info
  • Version of this container (echo $BITNAMI_IMAGE_VERSION inside the container)
  • The command you used to run the container, and any relevant output you saw (masking any sensitive information)

License

Copyright 2020 Bitnami

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at

http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.