- Explain how JavaScript fetches data from remote resources
- Explain how XHR helps us write dynamic programs
- Practice initializing an XHR request
- Practice handling an XHR response
We often find ourselves needing more data than we can, or should, load at one time. Data takes memory to store, and bandwidth to request from a server, and both of those things are finite resources.
Not to mention how taxing it could be on the end user.
Imagine walking into a library and all of the books in the library were immediately dropped in front of you. Overwhelming! You wouldn't be able to process all that, and the likelihood is that all the books in the library wouldn't fit in a single stack - the ceiling wouldn't be high enough.
Now imagine that this library also had access to every book in every library across the world.
Too many books. Too many books. Too many books, too many books.
When we go to a library to research something (surely somebody still does this), we only request the books we need as we need them, and until we do, they remain stored safely on their shelves out of everyone's way.
Similarly, when working with server data, we often want to just request the data we need as we need it.
JavaScript provides a mechanism for that. The XMLHttpRequest.
The XMLHttpRequest object, or XHR, is a JavaScript API that allows us to transfer data between a client and a server.
It was named at a time when XML was all the rage, but it can be used with any type of data, including JSON, which is the current de facto standard.
XHR helps us write dynamic programs by allowing us to fetch data from a server based on user events, and update parts of pages without requiring a full-page refresh. This provides users with a smooth, engaging experience that doesn't require them to stop what they're doing to get new information.
We're going to be making a simple Github repository browser using the Github API. Code along in the provided index.html and index.js files. A basic HTML structure is already in place.
Getting data from a server via XHR happens in two stages. First, we make a request, and then we listen for, and handle, the response.
The first thing we want to do is get a list of our public repositories. A little research on the Github List Repositories API tells us we can request a user's public repositories via a GET request to https://api.github.com/users/:username/repos, so let's try it out.
Top-tip: API documentation will often use a colon to precede a dynamic value in a RESTful URL, like :username. That's your hint to supply your own value.
First, let's add a link to our HTML so we can trigger the request.
<div>
<h3>Repositories</h3>
<a href="#" onclick="getRepositories()">Get Repositories</a>
</div>Then let's create our getRepositories function and initiate our XHR request.
function getRepositories() {
const req = new XMLHttpRequest()
req.open("GET", 'https://api.github.com/users/octocat/repos')
req.send()
}Here, we're creating a new instance of an XMLHttpRequest. We call open with the HTTP verb we want, in this case GET, and the URI for the request.
Now that our request is set up and ready to go, we call send to make it happen.
Let's open index.html in our browser, open the inspector's Network tab, and click the link.
Something happened! If we examine the request in the inspector, we should see a response that looks something like this:
[
{
"id": 18221276,
"name": "git-consortium",
"full_name": "octocat/git-consortium",
"owner": {
"login": "octocat",
"id": 583231,
"avatar_url": "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/583231?v=3",
"gravatar_id": "",
"url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat",
"html_url": "https://github.com/octocat",
"followers_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/followers",
"following_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/following{/other_user}",
"gists_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/gists{/gist_id}",
"starred_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/starred{/owner}{/repo}",
"subscriptions_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/subscriptions",
"organizations_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/orgs",
"repos_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/repos",
"events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/events{/privacy}",
"received_events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/octocat/received_events",
"type": "User",
"site_admin": false
},
//... more!It worked! We successfully fetched data from a remote resource with XHR without reloading our page!
Now that we have the request part down, we need to figure out how to capture this response so we can do something with it.
The second part of XHR is handling the response once we've made the request. We do this by defining an event listener on the request to listen for the load event, which will tell us that the request is complete. We'll give this listener a callback function, which is simply a function that will get called when the event fires.
function showRepositories(event, data) {
//this is set to the XMLHttpRequest object that fired the event
console.log(this.responseText)
}
function getRepositories() {
const req = new XMLHttpRequest()
req.addEventListener("load", showRepositories);
req.open("GET", 'https://api.github.com/users/octocat/repos')
req.send()
}When we add the event listener to our req object, we set it up so that this will be our req object inside our callback function. So, inside showRepositories, we can access this.responseText to see the full
Now that we know how to access the response, let's do something with it.
Since the Github API deals strictly in JSON, we know that our response will be well-formed JSON, so it should be easy for us to work with.
Let's parse this response and list out the repositories on the page. We'll start by giving ourselves a place in the DOM to put the data.
<div>
<h3>Repositories</h3>
<a href="#" onclick="getRepositories()">Get Repositories</a>
<div id="repositories"></div>
</div>Then let's start by simply listing the repository names.
function showRepositories(event, data) {
console.log(this.responseText)
let repoList = "<ul>"
for(var i=0;i < this.responseText.length; i++) {
repoList += "<li>" + this.responseText[i]["name"] + "</li>"
}
repoList += "</ul>"
document.getElementById("repositories").innerHTML = repoList
}Now if we reload and click our link...
Okay not quite what we expected. While it might be fun to have a list of a million undefined values on a page, we got repositories to print out. What happened?
The key lies in the responseText property. We can look at it and understand that it's JSON, but to our JavaScript interpreter, it's just a string of text. And while we know that all JSON is just a string of text, we have to tell JavaScript that it's working with JSON.
This might seem annoying, but honestly, if a computer can't innately know that some text is really JSON, it also probably can't become sentient. And that's good for all of us.
The way we tell the interpreter that we're working with JSON is to parse it with JSON.parse.
function showRepositories(event, data) {
var repos = JSON.parse(this.responseText)
console.log(repos)
const repoList = `<ul>${repos.map(r => '<li>' + r.name + '</li>').join('')}</ul>`
document.getElementById("repositories").innerHTML = repoList
}Now we're properly parsing the text into an array of objects that we can work with. If we reload and try it again, we should get our list of repository names.
Okay, let's take this a step further and set ourselves up to make another XHR request based on our data.
We want to be able to list the commits for any given repository. Again, we don't want to just re-query the server for each repository as we're processing that data, we just want to respond to the user asking for a specific repo's commits.
Let's go back into the Github API docs for commits and check it out.
We can see that we can make another GET request to /repos/:owner/:repo/commits and list the commits. We have the repo name to fill in for the :repo parameter based on our repo list. Let's say "repo" a few more times for fun then see what we can do.
We know we'll need an element to click for each repository on our page that will request that repository's commits. So we'll need to add a "Get Commits" link to our output in showRepositories, make a new XHR request when that link is clicked, and then show the commits in the second column.
We'll start by adding the link to our repository output.
function showRepositories(event, data) {
var repos = JSON.parse(this.responseText)
console.log(repos)
const repoList = `<ul>${repos.map(r => '<li>' + r.name + ' - <a href="#" data-repo="' + r.name + '" onclick="getCommits(this)">Get Commits</a></li>').join('')}</ul>`
document.getElementById("repositories").innerHTML = repoList
}Let's look more closely at this line: r.name + ' - <a href="#" data-repo="' + r.name + '" onclick="getCommits(this)">Get Commits</a></li>'.
The first interesting thing is that we're using a data attribute to hold the repo name. Data attributes make it super easy to pass data around between DOM elements and JS, so rather than jump through hoops trying to set and query id attributes, we'll do this.
The second thing is our onclick is explicitly passing this to the getCommits function. We need to do this to make sure that the current element, that is, the link being clicked, is available to our getCommits function so that we can get at that data attribute later.
Now that that's out of the way, let's set up our getCommits. It's going to look very similar to getRepositories, because it's mostly about just making another XHR request to Github.
function getCommits(el) {
const name = el.dataset.repo
const req = new XMLHttpRequest()
req.addEventListener("load", showCommits)
req.open("GET", 'https://api.github.com/repos/octocat/' + name + '/commits')
req.send()
}Here we grab that data-repo value through the dataset property, then set up an XHR request, with an event listener and callback function, just like we did in getRepositories.
Let's create a place in our HTML to put the commits.
<div>
<h3>Commits</h3>
<div id="commits"></div>
</div>Finally, let's handle that request with our callback function. We can look at the docs for this API call to see the JSON structure and know what values we want to pull out, then display them on the page.
function showCommits() {
const commits = JSON.parse(this.responseText)
const commitsList = `<ul>${commits.map(commit => '<li><strong>' + commit.author.login + '</strong> - ' + commit.commit.message + '</li>').join('')}</ul>`
document.getElementById("commits").innerHTML = commitsList
}Reload it and check it out. Now we can load repositories, then see commits for any repository dynamically without refreshing the page or reloading the repository list!
We learned what the XMLHttpRequest object does, how to use it to request data from a remote resource, and how to handle the response. We also learned how to parse the responseText into JSON and display it on the page.
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