Mock library for Dart inspired by Mockito.
Mockito 5.0.0 supports Dart's new null safety language feature in Dart 2.12, primarily with code generation.
To use Mockito's generated mock classes, add a build_runner dependency in your
package's pubspec.yaml file, under dev_dependencies; something like
build_runner: ^1.11.0.
For alternatives to the code generation API, see the NULL_SAFETY_README.
Let's start with a Dart library, cat.dart:
import 'package:mockito/annotations.dart';
import 'package:mockito/mockito.dart';
// Annotation which generates the cat.mocks.dart library and the MockCat class.
@GenerateNiceMocks([MockSpec<Cat>()])
import 'cat.mocks.dart';
// Real class
class Cat {
String sound() => "Meow";
bool eatFood(String food, {bool? hungry}) => true;
Future<void> chew() async => print("Chewing...");
int walk(List<String> places) => 7;
void sleep() {}
void hunt(String place, String prey) {}
int lives = 9;
}
void main() {
// Create mock object.
var cat = MockCat();
}By annotating the import of a .mocks.dart library with @GenerateNiceMocks,
you are directing Mockito's code generation to write a mock class for each
"real" class listed, in a new library.
The next step is to run build_runner in order to generate this new library:
flutter pub run build_runner build
# OR
dart run build_runner buildbuild_runner will generate a file with a name based on the file containing the
@GenerateNiceMocks annotation. In the above cat.dart example, we import the
generated library as cat.mocks.dart.
NOTE: by default only annotations in files under test/ are processed, if
you want to add Mockito annotations in other places, you will need to add a
build.yaml file to your project, see this SO answer.
The generated mock class, MockCat, extends Mockito's Mock class and implements
the Cat class, giving us a class which supports stubbing and verifying.
// Interact with the mock object.
cat.sound();
// Verify the interaction.
verify(cat.sound());Once created, the mock instance will remember all interactions. Then you can
selectively verify (or verifyInOrder, or verifyNever) the
interactions you are interested in.
// Stub a mock method before interacting.
when(cat.sound()).thenReturn("Purr");
expect(cat.sound(), "Purr");
// You can call it again.
expect(cat.sound(), "Purr");
// Let's change the stub.
when(cat.sound()).thenReturn("Meow");
expect(cat.sound(), "Meow");
// You can stub getters.
when(cat.lives).thenReturn(9);
expect(cat.lives, 9);
// You can stub a method to throw.
when(cat.lives).thenThrow(RangeError('Boo'));
expect(() => cat.lives, throwsRangeError);
// We can calculate a response at call time.
var responses = ["Purr", "Meow"];
when(cat.sound()).thenAnswer((_) => responses.removeAt(0));
expect(cat.sound(), "Purr");
expect(cat.sound(), "Meow");
// We can stub a method with multiple calls that happened in a particular order.
when(cat.sound()).thenReturnInOrder(["Purr", "Meow"]);
expect(cat.sound(), "Purr");
expect(cat.sound(), "Meow");
expect(() => cat.sound(), throwsA(isA<StateError>()));The when, thenReturn, thenAnswer, and thenThrow APIs provide a
stubbing mechanism to override this behavior. Once stubbed, the method will
always return stubbed value regardless of how many times it is called. If a
method invocation matches multiple stubs, the one which was declared last will
be used. It is worth noting that stubbing and verifying only works on methods of
a mocked class; in this case, an instance of MockCat must be used, not an
instance of Cat.
Using thenReturn to return a Future or Stream will throw an
ArgumentError. This is because it can lead to unexpected behaviors. For
example:
- If the method is stubbed in a different zone than the zone that consumes the
Future, unexpected behavior could occur. - If the method is stubbed to return a failed
FutureorStreamand it doesn't get consumed in the same run loop, it might get consumed by the global exception handler instead of an exception handler the consumer applies.
Instead, use thenAnswer to stub methods that return a Future or Stream.
// BAD
when(mock.methodThatReturnsAFuture())
.thenReturn(Future.value('Stub'));
when(mock.methodThatReturnsAStream())
.thenReturn(Stream.fromIterable(['Stub']));
// GOOD
when(mock.methodThatReturnsAFuture())
.thenAnswer((_) async => 'Stub');
when(mock.methodThatReturnsAStream())
.thenAnswer((_) => Stream.fromIterable(['Stub']));
If, for some reason, you desire the behavior of thenReturn, you can return a
pre-defined instance.
// Use the above method unless you're sure you want to create the Future ahead
// of time.
final future = Future.value('Stub');
when(mock.methodThatReturnsAFuture()).thenAnswer((_) => future);Mockito provides the concept of the "argument matcher" (using the class ArgMatcher) to capture arguments and to track how named arguments are passed. In most cases, both plain arguments and argument matchers can be passed into mock methods:
// You can use `any`
when(cat.eatFood(any)).thenReturn(false);
// ... or plain arguments themselves
when(cat.eatFood("fish")).thenReturn(true);
// ... including collections
when(cat.walk(["roof","tree"])).thenReturn(2);
// ... or matchers
when(cat.eatFood(argThat(startsWith("dry")))).thenReturn(false);
// ... or mix arguments with matchers
when(cat.eatFood(argThat(startsWith("dry")), hungry: true)).thenReturn(true);
expect(cat.eatFood("fish"), isTrue);
expect(cat.walk(["roof","tree"]), equals(2));
expect(cat.eatFood("dry food"), isFalse);
expect(cat.eatFood("dry food", hungry: true), isTrue);
// You can also verify using an argument matcher.
verify(cat.eatFood("fish"));
verify(cat.walk(["roof","tree"]));
verify(cat.eatFood(argThat(contains("food"))));
// You can verify setters.
cat.lives = 9;
verify(cat.lives=9);If an argument other than an ArgMatcher (like any, anyNamed,
argThat, captureThat, etc.) is passed to a mock method, then the
equals matcher is used for argument matching. If you need more strict
matching, consider using argThat(identical(arg)).
However, note that null cannot be used as an argument adjacent to ArgMatcher
arguments, nor as an un-wrapped value passed as a named argument. For example:
verify(cat.hunt("backyard", null)); // OK: no arg matchers.
verify(cat.hunt(argThat(contains("yard")), null)); // BAD: adjacent null.
verify(cat.hunt(argThat(contains("yard")), argThat(isNull))); // OK: wrapped in an arg matcher.
verify(cat.eatFood("Milk", hungry: null)); // BAD: null as a named argument.
verify(cat.eatFood("Milk", hungry: argThat(isNull))); // BAD: null as a named argument.Mockito currently has an awkward nuisance to its syntax: named arguments and argument matchers require more specification than you might think: you must declare the name of the argument in the argument matcher. This is because we can't rely on the position of a named argument, and the language doesn't provide a mechanism to answer "Is this element being used as a named element?"
// GOOD: argument matchers include their names.
when(cat.eatFood(any, hungry: anyNamed('hungry'))).thenReturn(true);
when(cat.eatFood(any, hungry: argThat(isNotNull, named: 'hungry'))).thenReturn(false);
when(cat.eatFood(any, hungry: captureAnyNamed('hungry'))).thenReturn(false);
when(cat.eatFood(any, hungry: captureThat(isNotNull, named: 'hungry'))).thenReturn(true);
// BAD: argument matchers do not include their names.
when(cat.eatFood(any, hungry: any)).thenReturn(true);
when(cat.eatFood(any, hungry: argThat(isNotNull))).thenReturn(false);
when(cat.eatFood(any, hungry: captureAny)).thenReturn(false);
when(cat.eatFood(any, hungry: captureThat(isNotNull))).thenReturn(true);Use verify or verifyNever:
cat.sound();
cat.sound();
// Exact number of invocations
verify(cat.sound()).called(2);
// Or using matcher
verify(cat.sound()).called(greaterThan(1));
// Or never called
verifyNever(cat.eatFood(any));Use verifyInOrder:
cat.eatFood("Milk");
cat.sound();
cat.eatFood("Fish");
verifyInOrder([
cat.eatFood("Milk"),
cat.sound(),
cat.eatFood("Fish")
]);Verification in order is flexible - you don't have to verify all interactions one-by-one but only those that you are interested in testing in order.
verifyZeroInteractions(cat);cat.sound();
verify(cat.sound());
verifyNoMoreInteractions(cat);Use the captureAny, captureThat, and captureAnyNamed argument
matchers:
// Simple capture
cat.eatFood("Fish");
expect(verify(cat.eatFood(captureAny)).captured.single, "Fish");
// Capture multiple calls
cat.eatFood("Milk");
cat.eatFood("Fish");
expect(verify(cat.eatFood(captureAny)).captured, ["Milk", "Fish"]);
// Conditional capture
cat.eatFood("Milk");
cat.eatFood("Fish");
expect(verify(cat.eatFood(captureThat(startsWith("F")))).captured, ["Fish"]);Use untilCalled:
// Waiting for a call.
cat.eatFood("Fish");
await untilCalled(cat.chew()); // Completes when cat.chew() is called.
// Waiting for a call that has already happened.
cat.eatFood("Fish");
await untilCalled(cat.eatFood(any)); // Completes immediately.Mockito provides two APIs for generating mocks, the @GenerateNiceMocks
annotation and the @GenerateMocks annotation. The recommended API is
@GenerateNiceMocks. The difference between these two APIs is in the behavior
of a generated mock class when a method is called and no stub could be found.
For example:
void main() {
var cat = MockCat();
cat.sound();
}The Cat.sound method returns a non-nullable String, but no stub has been made
with when(cat.sound()), so what should the code do? What is the "missing stub"
behavior?
- The "missing stub" behavior of a mock class generated with
@GenerateMocksis to throw an exception. - The "missing stub" behavior of a mock class generated with
@GenerateNiceMocksis to return a "simple" legal value (for example, a non-nullvalue for a non-nullable return type). The value should not be used in any way; it is returned solely to avoid a runtime type exception.
To create mocks for Function objects, write an abstract class with a method
for each function type signature that needs to be mocked. The methods can be
torn off and individually stubbed and verified.
@GenerateMocks([Cat, Callbacks])
import 'cat_test.mocks.dart'
abstract class Callbacks {
Cat findCat(String name);
}
void main() {
var mockCat = MockCat();
var findCatCallback = MockCallbacks().findCat;
when(findCatCallback('Pete')).thenReturn(mockCat);
}You can also write a simple fake class that implements a real class, by extending Fake. Fake allows your subclass to satisfy the implementation of your real class, without overriding the methods that aren't used in your test; the Fake class implements the default behavior of throwing UnimplementedError (which you can override in your fake class):
// Fake class
class FakeCat extends Fake implements Cat {
@override
bool eatFood(String food, {bool? hungry}) {
print('Fake eat $food');
return true;
}
}
void main() {
// Create a new fake Cat at runtime.
var cat = FakeCat();
cat.eatFood("Milk"); // Prints 'Fake eat Milk'.
cat.sleep(); // Throws.
}Use reset:
// Clearing collected interactions:
cat.eatFood("Fish");
clearInteractions(cat);
cat.eatFood("Fish");
verify(cat.eatFood("Fish")).called(1);
// Resetting stubs and collected interactions:
when(cat.eatFood("Fish")).thenReturn(true);
cat.eatFood("Fish");
reset(cat);
when(cat.eatFood(any)).thenReturn(false);
expect(cat.eatFood("Fish"), false);Use logInvocations and throwOnMissingStub:
// Print all collected invocations of any mock methods of a list of mock objects:
logInvocations([catOne, catTwo]);
// Throw every time that a mock method is called without a stub being matched:
throwOnMissingStub(cat);Testing with real objects is preferred over testing with mocks - if you can
construct a real instance for your tests, you should! If there are no calls to
verify in your test, it is a strong signal that you may not need mocks at
all, though it's also OK to use a Mock like a stub. Data models never need to
be mocked if they can be constructed with stubbed data. When it's not possible
to use the real object, a tested implementation of a fake is the next best
thing; it's more likely to behave similarly to the real class than responses
stubbed out in tests. Finally an object which extends Fake using manually
overridden methods is preferred over an object which extends Mock used as
either a stub or a mock.
A class which extends Mock should never stub out its own responses with
when in its constructor or anywhere else. Stubbed responses should be defined
in the tests where they are used. For responses controlled outside of the test
use @override methods for either the entire interface, or with extends Fake
to skip some parts of the interface.
Similarly, a class which extends Mock should never have any implementation.
It should not define any @override methods, and it should not mixin any
implementations. Actual member definitions can't be stubbed by tests and can't
be tracked and verified by Mockito. A mix of test defined stubbed responses and
mock defined overrides will lead to confusion. It is OK to define static
utilities on a class which extends Mock if it helps with code structure.
Read more information about this package in the FAQ.