Text classification is a technique for putting text into different categories and has a wide range of applications: email providers use text classification to detect to spam emails, marketing agencies use it for sentiment analysis of customer reviews, and moderators of discussion forums use it to detect inappropriate comments.
In the past, data scientists used methods such as tf-idf, word2vec, or bag-of-words (BOW) to generate features for training classification models. While these techniques have been very successful in many NLP tasks, they don't always capture the meanings of words accurately when they appear in different contexts. Recently, we see increasing interest in using Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) to achieve better results in text classification tasks, due to its ability more accurately encode the meaning of words in different contexts.
BERT was trained on BookCorpus and English Wikipedia data, which contain 800 million words and 2,500 million words, respectively. Training BERT from scratch would be prohibitively expensive. By taking advantage of transfer learning, one can quickly fine tune BERT for another use case with a relatively small amount of training data to achieve state-of-the-art results for common NLP tasks, such as text classification and question answering.
Amazon SageMaker is a fully managed service that provides developers and data scientists with the ability to build, train, and deploy machine learning (ML) models quickly. Amazon SageMaker removes the heavy lifting from each step of the machine learning process to make it easier to develop high-quality models. The SageMaker Python SDK provides open source APIs and containers that make it easy to train and deploy models in Amazon SageMaker with several different machine learning and deep learning frameworks.
In this example, we walk through our dataset, the training process, and finally model deployment.
First published in November 2018, BERT is a revolutionary model. First, one or more words in sentences are intentionally masked. BERT takes in these masked sentences as input and trains itself to predict the masked word. In addition, BERT uses a "next sentence prediction" task that pre-trains text-pair representations. BERT is a substantial breakthrough and has helped researchers and data engineers across industry to achieve state-of-art results in many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. BERT offers representation of each word conditioned on its context (rest of the sentence). For more information about BERT, please refer to [1].
One of the biggest challenges data scientists face for NLP projects is lack of training data; they often have only a few thousand pieces of human-labeled text data for their model training. However, modern deep learning NLP tasks require a large amount of labeled data. One way to solve this problem is to use transfer learning.
Transfer learning is a machine learning method where a pre-trained model, such as a pre-trained ResNet model for image classification, is reused as the starting point for a different but related problem. By reusing parameters from pre-trained models, one can save significant amounts of training time and cost.
BERT was trained on BookCorpus and English Wikipedia data, which contain 800 million words and 2,500 million words, respectively [2]. Training BERT from scratch would be prohibitively expensive. By taking advantage of transfer learning, one can quickly fine tune BERT for another use case with a relatively small amount of training data to achieve state-of-the-art results for common NLP tasks, such as text classification and question answering.
[1] BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.04805.pdf
[2] Yukun Zhu, Ryan Kiros, Rich Zemel, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Raquel Urtasun, Antonio Torralba, and Sanja Fidler. 2015. Aligning books and movies: Towards story-like visual explanations by watching movies and reading books. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision, pages 19–27.
[3] Getting Started with Google BERT https://www.packtpub.com/product/getting-started-with-google-bert/9781838821593
[4] Data Science on AWS https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/data-science-on/9781492079385/
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