ANLS ★

🌟 A Universal Metric for Generative Large Language Models 🌟

@misc{anls_star,
    title={ANLS* -- A Universal Document Processing Metric for Generative Large Language Models}, 
    author={David Peer and Philemon Schöpf and Volckmar Nebendahl and Alexander Rietzler and Sebastian Stabinger},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2402.03848},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

How to use the ANLS* score?

pip install anls_star
Add to your code

from anls_star import anls_score
anls = anls_score("Hello World", "Hello Wrld")
print(anls)

Thats it!

Returning the closest match

The anls_score function can also be used to return the object which best matches the prediction and can be derived from the ground truth by re-ordering lists, selecting options from tuples etc. by setting the return_gt argument to True (default is False).

As an example:

gt = {'a': ('hello', 'world'), 'b': ['this', 'is', 'a', 'test']}
pred = {'a': 'hello!', 'b': ['a', 'test', 'this', 'be']}
score, closest_gt = anls_score(gt, pred, return_gt=True)
# score = 0.766...
# closest_gt = {'a': 'hello', 'b': ['a', 'test', 'this', 'is']}

This result can then be used e.g. with the deepdiff package for further analysis:

from deepdiff import DeepDiff
diff = DeepDiff(closest_gt, pred)
# diff = {'values_changed': {"root['a']": {'new_value': 'hello!', 'old_value': 'hello'},
#                            "root['b'][3]": {'new_value': 'be', 'old_value': 'is'}}}

Returning key scores

The anls_score function can also return a dictionary containing aggregated ANLS* scores for dictionary keys in the ground truth and prediction. This is useful for gaining insights into what parts of the predictions are correct and what parts are incorrect. To use this feature, set the return_key_scores argument to True.

Here's an example that demonstrates the use of return_key_scores:

from anls_star import anls_score

gt = {
    "a": "Hello",
    "b": [{"l1": "aa", "l2": "b"}, {"l1": "c", "l2": "d"}],
    "c": "Test",
    "second_order": {
        "name": "Fluffy",
        "age": "3",
        "items": [{"id": "1", "value": "12.3"}, {"id": "2", "value": "13.4"}],
    },
}
pred = {
    "a": "Helloo",
    "b": [{"l1": "a", "l2": "q"}, {"l1": "c", "l2": "d"}],
    "second_order": {
        "name": "Fluffy",
        "age": "31",
        "items": [{"id": "1", "value": "12.1"}, {"id": "3", "value": "13.4"}],
    },
}

anls, key_scores = anls_score(gt, pred, return_key_scores=True)
print("Key scores:")
print(key_scores)

This would output:

Key scores:
{
    'a': ScoreNode(anls_score=0.8333333333333334),
    'b': ScoreNode(
        anls_score=0.4166666666666667,
        children={
            'l1': ScoreNode(anls_score=0.75),
            'l2': ScoreNode(anls_score=0.5),
        }
    ),
    'c': ScoreNode(anls_score=0.0),
    'second_order': ScoreNode(
        anls_score=0.7083333333333334,
        children={
            'age': ScoreNode(anls_score=0.5),
            'items': ScoreNode(
                anls_score=0.6875,
                children={
                    'id': ScoreNode(anls_score=0.5),
                    'value': ScoreNode(anls_score=0.875),
                }
            ),
            'name': ScoreNode(anls_score=1.0),
        }
    ),
}

The key_scores dictionary contains ScoreNode objects, which have anls_score and children attributes. The anls_score attribute represents the ANLS* score for that specific key, while the children attribute contains nested dictionaries of the same structure for nested keys.

This detailed breakdown allows you to identify which parts of the prediction are accurate and which parts need improvement, providing valuable insights for error analysis and model refinement.

The return_key_scores and return_gt arguments can be used together to get both the closest match and key scores in a single call to anls_score, in which case the return will be (score, closest_gt, key_scores).

Supported Types

Simply copy this file to your project and import the anls_score function from it. Then call the function with the ground truth and the predictions.

The following types (and all combinations of it) are supported:

String: To compare strings against each other using the normalized Levenshtein similarity.
None: Sometimes questions are not answerable. With this type it can be checked, whether the model does not answer. Any answer other than None will be penalized. On the other hand, if a model generates e.g. a None key in a dictionary that is not in the ground truth, ANLS* ignores it rather than penalizing or rewarding it.
Tuple: Compare the given answer with each element in the tuple and select the element that produces the maximum ANLS* score. This is also provided by the classical ANLS metric.
List: Sometimes it is required to information in the form of lists from a document. For example, extracting all purchased items found in an invoice. While the order is not important, the list should contain all items. Note that the same item can occur multiple times in lists. Hungarian matching is used to compare the ground truth and the predicted list against each other. Both missing elements as well as hallucinated elements are penalized as previously introduced.
Dict: For document information extraction it is usually required to extract key-value pairs. For example, when extracting the date and total value from an invoice. Missing keys as well as hallucinated keys are penalized.

Benchmarks

The following table shows the ANLS* score for the different models and prompt methods on different datasets. Note that we evaluate the models and prompt methods on 100 samples for single page datasets and 20 samples for multi page datasets in order to reduce the execution time and costs. Note that the provided validation set is used for the report.

How To Execute

Install all dependencies via pip install -r requirements_dev.txt
Setup the keys

OpenAI: Ensure that your OpenAI API key is set as environment variable OPENAI_API_KEY.
Gemini: Ensure that your VertexAI setup is correct in case you wanna benchmark gemini-pro too.
Mistral: Setup the MISTRAL_API_KEY env variable as well as MISTRAL_ENDPOINT (Azure)
Anthropic: Setup the ANTHROPIC_API_KEY env variable

Download all datasets - the download link is provided when executing the benchmark script for the first time. Please note that the datasets folder should be on the same level as the repository folder.
Execute the corresponding benchmark script. For example:

    python3 src/benchmark_doc_vqa.py "gpt-3.5-turbo-16k" "simple"

Note that we always benchmark the latest version of each model and report those values in the table above. In the paper, we additionally report the performance of intermediate versions of each model such as gpt-4-1106-preview and gpt-4-turbo-2024-04-09.

The following prompt methods are supported:

simple - Simple text concatenation after OCR with GooleOCR
latin - Method as introduced by Wang et al.
sft - DeepOpinion internal only
vision - If images should directly be used. Requires a model with vision capabilities e.g. gpt-4-vision

The final ANLS* is shown on the console.

How to Execute all Unit Tests

To run all unit tests simply execute pytest

Packaging

See https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/tutorials/packaging-projects/

deepopinion/anls_star_metric