cloc
Count Lines of Code
cloc counts blank lines, comment lines, and physical lines of source code in many programming languages.
Latest release: v1.78 (September 7, 2018)
Hosted at http://cloc.sourceforge.net/ since August 2006, cloc began the transition to GitHub in September 2015.
- Quick Start
- Overview
- Download
- License
- Why Use cloc?
- Other Counters
- Basic Use
- Building a Windows Executable
- Options
- Recognized Languages
- How it Works
- Advanced Use
- Limitations
- How to Request Support for Additional Languages
- Features Currently in Development
- Acknowledgments
- Copyright
Quick Start ▲
Step 1: Download cloc (several methods, see below).
Step 2: Open a terminal (cmd.exe
on Windows).
Step 3: Invoke cloc to count your source files, directories, archives,
or git commits.
The executable name differs depending on whether you use the
development source version (cloc
), source for a
released version (cloc-1.78.pl
) or a Windows executable
(cloc-1.78.exe
). On this page, cloc
is the generic term
used to refer to any of these.
a file
prompt> cloc hello.c 1 text file. 1 unique file. 0 files ignored. https://github.com/AlDanial/cloc v 1.65 T=0.04 s (28.3 files/s, 340.0 lines/s) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C 1 0 7 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a directory
prompt> cloc gcc-5.2.0/gcc/c 16 text files. 15 unique files. 3 files ignored. https://github.com/AlDanial/cloc v 1.65 T=0.23 s (57.1 files/s, 188914.0 lines/s) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C 10 4680 6621 30812 C/C++ Header 3 99 286 496 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 13 4779 6907 31308 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
an archive
We'll pull cloc's source zip file from GitHub, then count the contents:
prompt> wget https://github.com/AlDanial/cloc/archive/master.zip prompt> cloc master.zip https://github.com/AlDanial/cloc v 1.65 T=0.07 s (26.8 files/s, 141370.3 lines/s) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Perl 2 725 1103 8713 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 2 725 1103 8713 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a git repository, using a specific commit
This example uses code from PuDB, a fantastic Python debugger.
prompt> git clone http://git.tiker.net/trees/pudb.git prompt> cd pudb prompt> cloc 6be804e07a5db 48 text files. 48 unique files. 15 files ignored. github.com/AlDanial/cloc v 1.73 T=0.15 s (223.1 files/s, 46159.0 lines/s) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Python 28 1519 728 4659 YAML 2 9 2 75 Bourne Shell 3 6 0 17 make 1 4 6 10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 34 1538 736 4761 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
each subdirectory of a particular directory
Say you have a directory with three different git-managed projects, Project0, Project1, and Project2. You can use your shell's looping capability to count the code in each. This example uses bash:
prompt> for d in ./*/ ; do (cd "$d" && echo "$d" && cloc --vcs git); done ./Project0/ 7 text files. 7 unique files. 1 file ignored. github.com/AlDanial/cloc v 1.71 T=0.02 s (390.2 files/s, 25687.6 lines/s) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- D 4 61 32 251 Markdown 1 9 0 38 make 1 0 0 4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 6 70 32 293 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ./Project1/ 7 text files. 7 unique files. 0 files ignored. github.com/AlDanial/cloc v 1.71 T=0.02 s (293.0 files/s, 52107.1 lines/s) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Go 7 165 282 798 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 7 165 282 798 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ./Project2/ 49 text files. 47 unique files. 13 files ignored. github.com/AlDanial/cloc v 1.71 T=0.10 s (399.5 files/s, 70409.4 lines/s) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Python 33 1226 1026 3017 C 4 327 337 888 Markdown 1 11 0 28 YAML 1 0 2 12 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 39 1564 1365 3945 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overview ▲
Translations: Arabic, Armenian, Belarussian, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Portuguese, Serbo-Croatian, Romanian, Slovakian, Tamil
cloc counts blank lines, comment lines, and physical lines of source code in many programming languages. Given two versions of a code base, cloc can compute differences in blank, comment, and source lines. It is written entirely in Perl with no dependencies outside the standard distribution of Perl v5.6 and higher (code from some external modules is embedded within cloc) and so is quite portable. cloc is known to run on many flavors of Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Mac OS X, AIX, HP-UX, Solaris, IRIX, z/OS, and Windows. (To run the Perl source version of cloc on Windows one needs ActiveState Perl 5.6.1 or higher, Strawberry Perl, Cygwin, MobaXTerm with the Perl plug-in installed, or a mingw environment and terminal such as provided by Git for Windows. Alternatively one can use the Windows binary of cloc generated with PAR::Packer to run on Windows computers that have neither Perl nor Cygwin.)
cloc contains code from David Wheeler's SLOCCount, Damian Conway and Abigail's Perl module Regexp::Common, Sean M. Burke's Perl module Win32::Autoglob, and Tye McQueen's Perl module Algorithm::Diff. Language scale factors were derived from Mayes Consulting, LLC web site http://softwareestimator.com/IndustryData2.htm.
Install via package manager
Depending your operating system, one of these installation methods may work for you:
npm install -g cloc # https://www.npmjs.com/package/cloc
sudo apt install cloc # Debian, Ubuntu
sudo yum install cloc # Red Hat, Fedora
sudo dnf install cloc # Fedora 22 or later
sudo pacman -S cloc # Arch
sudo emerge -av dev-util/cloc # Gentoo https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/dev-util/cloc
sudo apk add cloc # Alpine Linux
sudo pkg install cloc # FreeBSD
sudo port install cloc # Mac OS X with MacPorts
brew install cloc # Mac OS X with Homebrew
choco install cloc # Windows with Chocolatey
scoop install cloc # Windows with Scoop
Note: I don't control any of these packages. If you encounter a bug in cloc using one of the above packages, try with cloc pulled from the latest stable release here on github (link follows below) before submitting a problem report.
Stable release
https://github.com/AlDanial/cloc/releases/latest
Development version
https://github.com/AlDanial/cloc/raw/master/cloc
License ▲
cloc is licensed under the GNU General Public License, v 2, excluding portions which are copied from other sources. Code copied from the Regexp::Common, Win32::Autoglob, and Algorithm::Diff Perl modules is subject to the Artistic License.
Why Use cloc? ▲
cloc has many features that make it easy to use, thorough, extensible, and portable:
- Exists as a single, self-contained file that requires minimal installation effort---just download the file and run it.
- Can read language comment definitions from a file and thus potentially work with computer languages that do not yet exist.
- Allows results from multiple runs to be summed together by language and by project.
- Can produce results in a variety of formats: plain text, SQL, JSON, XML, YAML, comma separated values.
- Can count code within compressed archives (tar balls, Zip files, Java .ear files).
- Has numerous troubleshooting options.
- Handles file and directory names with spaces and other unusual characters.
- Has no dependencies outside the standard Perl distribution.
- Runs on Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Mac OS X, AIX, HP-UX, Solaris, IRIX, and z/OS systems that have Perl 5.6 or higher. The source version runs on Windows with either ActiveState Perl, Strawberry Perl, Cygwin, or MobaXTerm+Perl plugin. Alternatively on Windows one can run the Windows binary which has no dependencies.
Other Counters ▲
If cloc does not suit your needs here are other freely available counters to consider:
Other references:
- QSM's directory of code counting tools.
- The Wikipedia entry for source code line counts.
Regexp::Common, Digest::MD5, Win32::Autoglob, Algorithm::Diff
Although cloc does not need Perl modules outside those found in the
standard distribution, cloc does rely on a few external modules. Code
from three of these external modules--Regexp::Common, Win32::Autoglob,
and Algorithm::Diff--is embedded within cloc. A fourth module,
Digest::MD5, is used only if it is available. If cloc finds
Regexp::Common or Algorithm::Diff installed locally it will use those
installation. If it doesn't, cloc will install the parts of
Regexp::Common and/or Algorithm:Diff it needs to temporary directories
that are created at the start of a cloc run then removed when the run is
complete. The necessary code from Regexp::Common v2.120 and
Algorithm::Diff v1.1902 are embedded within the cloc source code (see
subroutines Install_Regexp_Common()
and Install_Algorithm_Diff()
).
Only three lines are needed from Win32::Autoglob and these are included
directly in cloc.
Additionally, cloc will use Digest::MD5 to validate uniqueness among equally-sized input files if Digest::MD5 is installed locally.
A parallel processing option, --processes=N, was introduced with cloc version 1.76 to enable faster runs on multicored machines. However, to use it, one must have the module Parallel::ForkManager installed. This module does not work reliably on Windows so parallel processing will only work on Unix-like operating systems.
The Windows binary is built on a computer that has both Regexp::Common and Digest::MD5 installed locally.
Building a Windows Executable ▲
The Windows downloads cloc-1.70.exe and cloc-1.72.exe were built with PAR::Packer and Strawberry Perl 5.24.0.1 on an Amazon Web Services t2.micro instance running Microsoft Windows Server 2008 (32 bit for 1.70 and 1.72; 64 bit for 1.74).
The 1.74, 1.76, and 1.78 releases, cloc-1.74_x86.exe, cloc-1.76.exe, and cloc-1.78.exe, were was built on a 32 bit Windows 7 virtual machine (IE11.Win7.For.Windows.VirtualBox.zip pulled from https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/tools/vms/) using Strawberry Perl 5.26.1.1.
The cloc-1.66.exe executable was built with PAR::Packer on a 32 bit Windows 7 VirtualBox image pulled from https://dev.windows.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/tools/vms/linux/ and running on an Ubuntu 15.10 host. The virtual machine ran Strawberry Perl version 5.22.1. Windows executables of cloc versions 1.60 and earlier were built with perl2exe on a 32 bit Windows XP computer. A small modification was made to the cloc source code before passing it to perl2exe; lines 87 and 88 were uncommented:
85 # Uncomment next two lines when building Windows executable with perl2exe 86 # or if running on a system that already has Regexp::Common. 87 #use Regexp::Common; 88 #$HAVE_Rexexp_Common = 1;
Is the Windows executable safe to run? Does it have malware?
Ideally, no one would need the Windows executable because they have a Perl interpreter installed on their machines and can run the cloc source file. On centrally-managed corporate Windows machines, however, this this may be difficult or impossible.
The Windows executable distributed with cloc
is provided as
a best-effort of a virus and malware-free .exe
.
You are encouraged to run your own virus scanners against the
executable and also check sites such
https://www.virustotal.com/ .
The entries for recent versions are:
cloc-1.78.exe: https://www.virustotal.com/#/file/256ade3df82fa92febf2553853ed1106d96c604794606e86efd00d55664dd44f/detection
cloc-1.76.exe: https://www.virustotal.com/#/url/c1b9b9fe909f91429f95d41e9a9928ab7c58b21351b3acd4249def2a61acd39d/detection
cloc-1.74_x86.exe: https://www.virustotal.com/#/file/b73dece71f6d3199d90d55db53a588e1393c8dbf84231a7e1be2ce3c5a0ec75b/detection
cloc 1.72 exe: https://www.virustotal.com/en/url/8fd2af5cd972f648d7a2d7917bc202492012484c3a6f0b48c8fd60a8d395c98c/analysis/
cloc 1.70 exe: https://www.virustotal.com/en/url/63edef209099a93aa0be1a220dc7c4c7ed045064d801e6d5daa84ee624fc0b4a/analysis/
cloc 1.68 exe: https://www.virustotal.com/en/file/c484fc58615fc3b0d5569b9063ec1532980281c3155e4a19099b11ef1c24443b/analysis/
cloc 1.66 exe: https://www.virustotal.com/en/file/54d6662e59b04be793dd10fa5e5edf7747cf0c0cc32f71eb67a3cf8e7a171d81/analysis/1453601367/
Why is the Windows executable so large?
Windows executables of cloc versions 1.60 and earlier, created with
perl2exe as noted above, are about 1.6 MB, while versions 1.62 and 1.54, created
with PAR::Packer
, are 11 MB.
Version 1.66, built with a newer version of PAR::Packer
, is about 5.5 MB.
Why are the PAR::Packer
, executables so
much larger than those built with perl2exe? My theory is that perl2exe
uses smarter tree pruning logic
than PAR::Packer
, but that's pure speculation.
Create your own executable
The most robust option for creating a Windows executable of
cloc is to use ActiveState's Perl Development Kit.
It includes a utility, perlapp
, which can build stand-alone
Windows, Mac, and Linux binaries of Perl source code.
perl2exe
will also do the trick. If you do have perl2exe
, modify lines
84-87 in the cloc source code for a minor code
modification that is necessary to make a cloc Windows executable.
Otherwise, to build a Windows executable with pp
from
PAR::Packer
, first install a Windows-based Perl distribution
(for example Strawberry Perl or ActivePerl) following their
instructions. Next, open a command prompt, aka a DOS window and install
the PAR::Packer module. Finally, invoke the newly installed pp
command with the cloc source code to create an .exe
file:
C:> cpan -i Digest::MD5 C:> cpan -i Regexp::Common C:> cpan -i Algorithm::Diff C:> cpan -i PAR::Packer C:> pp -M Digest::MD5 -c -x -o cloc-1.78.exe cloc
A variation on the instructions above is if you installed the portable
version of Strawberry Perl, you will need to run portableshell.bat
first
to properly set up your environment.
Basic Use ▲
cloc is a command line program that takes file, directory, and/or archive names as inputs. Here's an example of running cloc against the Perl v5.22.0 source distribution:
prompt> cloc perl-5.22.0.tar.gz 5605 text files. 5386 unique files. 2176 files ignored. https://github.com/AlDanial/cloc v 1.65 T=25.49 s (134.7 files/s, 51980.3 lines/s) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Perl 2892 136396 184362 536445 C 130 24676 33684 155648 C/C++ Header 148 9766 16569 147858 Bourne Shell 112 4044 6796 42668 Pascal 8 458 1603 8592 XML 33 142 0 2410 YAML 49 20 15 2078 C++ 10 313 277 2033 make 4 426 488 1986 Prolog 12 438 2 1146 JSON 14 1 0 1037 yacc 1 85 76 998 Windows Message File 1 102 11 489 DOS Batch 14 92 41 389 Windows Resource File 3 10 0 85 D 1 5 7 8 Lisp 2 0 3 4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 3434 176974 243934 903874 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To run cloc on Windows computers, one must first open up a command (aka DOS) window and invoke cloc.exe from the command line there.
Options ▲
prompt> cloc --help Usage: cloc [options] | | Count, or compute differences of, physical lines of source code in the given files (may be archives such as compressed tarballs or zip files) and/or recursively below the given directories. Input Options --extract-with=CMD This option is only needed if cloc is unable to figure out how to extract the contents of the input file(s) by itself. Use CMD to extract binary archive files (e.g.: .tar.gz, .zip, .Z). Use the literal '>FILE<' as a stand-in for the actual file(s) to be extracted. For example, to count lines of code in the input files gcc-4.2.tar.gz perl-5.8.8.tar.gz on Unix use --extract-with='gzip -dc >FILE< | tar xf -' or, if you have GNU tar, --extract-with='tar zxf >FILE<' and on Windows use, for example: --extract-with="\"c:\Program Files\WinZip\WinZip32.exe\" -e -o >FILE< ." (if WinZip is installed there). --list-file=FILE Take the list of file and/or directory names to process from FILE, which has one file/directory name per line. Only exact matches are counted; relative path names will be resolved starting from the directory where cloc is invoked. See also --exclude-list-file. --vcs=VCS Invoke a system call to VCS to obtain a list of files to work on. If VCS is 'git', then will invoke 'git ls-files' to get a file list and 'git submodule status' to get a list of submodules whose contents will be ignored. See also --git which accepts git commit hashes and branch names. If VCS is 'svn' then will invoke 'svn list -R'. The primary benefit is that cloc will then skip files explicitly excluded by the versioning tool in question, ie, those in .gitignore or have the svn:ignore property. Alternatively VCS may be any system command that generates a list of files. Note: cloc must be in a directory which can read the files as they are returned by VCS. cloc will not download files from remote repositories. 'svn list -R' may refer to a remote repository to obtain file names (and therefore may require authentication to the remote repository), but the files themselves must be local. --unicode Check binary files to see if they contain Unicode expanded ASCII text. This causes performance to drop noticeably. Processing Options --autoconf Count .in files (as processed by GNU autoconf) of recognized languages. See also --no-autogen. --by-file Report results for every source file encountered. --by-file-by-lang Report results for every source file encountered in addition to reporting by language. --count-and-diff SET1 SET2 First perform direct code counts of source file(s) of SET1 and SET2 separately, then perform a diff of these. Inputs may be pairs of files, directories, or archives. If --out or --report-file is given, three output files will be created, one for each of the two counts and one for the diff. See also --diff, --diff-alignment, --diff-timeout, --ignore-case, --ignore-whitespace. --diff SET1 SET2 Compute differences in code and comments between source file(s) of SET1 and SET2. The inputs may be any mix of files, directories, archives, or git commit hashes (Unix only). Use --diff-alignment to generate a list showing which file pairs where compared. See also --count-and-diff, --diff-alignment, --diff-timeout, --ignore-case, --ignore-whitespace. --diff-timeout N Ignore files which take more than N seconds to process. Default is 10 seconds. (Large files with many repeated lines can cause Algorithm::Diff::sdiff() to take hours.) --follow-links [Unix only] Follow symbolic links to directories (sym links to files are always followed). --force-lang=LANG,EXT Process all files that have a EXT extension with the counter for language LANG. For example, to count all .f files with the Fortran 90 counter (which expects files to end with .f90) instead of the default Fortran 77 counter, use --force-lang="Fortran 90",f If EXT is omitted, every file will be counted with the LANG counter. This option can be specified multiple times (but that is only useful when EXT is given each time). See also --script-lang, --lang-no-ext. --force-lang-def=FILE Load language processing filters from FILE, then use these filters instead of the built-in filters. Note: languages which map to the same file extension (for example: MATLAB/Mathematica/Objective C/MUMPS/Mercury; Pascal/PHP; Lisp/OpenCL; Lisp/Julia; Perl/Prolog) will be ignored as these require additional processing that is not expressed in language definition files. Use --read-lang-def to define new language filters without replacing built-in filters (see also --write-lang-def). --git Forces the inputs to be interpreted as git targets (commit hashes, branch names, et cetera) if these are not first identified as file or directory names. This option overrides the --vcs=git logic if this is given; in other words, --git gets its list of files to work on directly from git using the hash or branch name rather than from 'git ls-files'. This option can be used with --diff to perform line count diffs between git commits, or between a git commit and a file, directory, or archive. Use -v/--verbose to see the git system commands cloc issues. --ignore-whitespace Ignore horizontal white space when comparing files with --diff. See also --ignore-case. --ignore-case Ignore changes in case; consider upper- and lower- case letters equivalent when comparing files with --diff. See also --ignore-whitespace. --lang-no-ext=LANG Count files without extensions using the LANG counter. This option overrides internal logic for files without extensions (where such files are checked against known scripting languages by examining the first line for #!). See also --force-lang, --script-lang. --max-file-size=MB Skip files larger than MB megabytes when traversing directories. By default, MB=100. cloc's memory requirement is roughly twenty times larger than the largest file so running with files larger than 100 MB on a computer with less than 2 GB of memory will cause problems. Note: this check does not apply to files explicitly passed as command line arguments. --no-autogen[=list] Ignore files generated by code-production systems such as GNU autoconf. To see a list of these files (then exit), run with --no-autogen list See also --autoconf. --original-dir [Only effective in combination with --strip-comments] Write the stripped files to the same directory as the original files. --read-binary-files Process binary files in addition to text files. This is usually a bad idea and should only be attempted with text files that have embedded binary data. --read-lang-def=FILE Load new language processing filters from FILE and merge them with those already known to cloc. If FILE defines a language cloc already knows about, cloc's definition will take precedence. Use --force-lang-def to over-ride cloc's definitions (see also --write-lang-def ). --script-lang=LANG,S Process all files that invoke S as a #! scripting language with the counter for language LANG. For example, files that begin with #!/usr/local/bin/perl5.8.8 will be counted with the Perl counter by using --script-lang=Perl,perl5.8.8 The language name is case insensitive but the name of the script language executable, S, must have the right case. This option can be specified multiple times. See also --force-lang, --lang-no-ext. --sdir=DIR Use DIR as the scratch directory instead of letting File::Temp chose the location. Files written to this location are not removed at the end of the run (as they are with File::Temp). --skip-uniqueness Skip the file uniqueness check. This will give a performance boost at the expense of counting files with identical contents multiple times (if such duplicates exist). --stdin-name=FILE Give a file name to use to determine the language for standard input. (Use - as the input name to receive source code via STDIN.) --strip-comments=EXT For each file processed, write to the current directory a version of the file which has blank and commented lines removed (in-line comments persist). The name of each stripped file is the original file name with .EXT appended to it. It is written to the current directory unless --original-dir is on. --sum-reports Input arguments are report files previously created with the --report-file option. Makes a cumulative set of results containing the sum of data from the individual report files. --processes=NUM [Available only on systems with a recent version of the Parallel::ForkManager module. Not available on Windows.] Sets the maximum number of cores that cloc uses. The default value of 0 disables multiprocessing. --unix Override the operating system autodetection logic and run in UNIX mode. See also --windows, --show-os. --use-sloccount If SLOCCount is installed, use its compiled executables c_count, java_count, pascal_count, php_count, and xml_count instead of cloc's counters. SLOCCount's compiled counters are substantially faster than cloc's and may give a performance improvement when counting projects with large files. However, these cloc-specific features will not be available: --diff, --count-and-diff, --strip-comments, --unicode. --windows Override the operating system autodetection logic and run in Microsoft Windows mode. See also --unix, --show-os. Filter Options --exclude-dir=D1[,D2,] Exclude the given comma separated directories D1, D2, D3, et cetera, from being scanned. For example --exclude-dir=.cache,test will skip all files and subdirectories that have /.cache/ or /test/ as their parent directory. Directories named .bzr, .cvs, .hg, .git, .svn, and .snapshot are always excluded. This option only works with individual directory names so including file path separators is not allowed. Use --fullpath and --not-match-d=REGEX to supply a regex matching multiple subdirectories. --exclude-ext=EXT1[,EXT2[...]] Do not count files having the given file name extensions. --exclude-lang=L1[,L2,] Exclude the given comma separated languages L1, L2, L3, et cetera, from being counted. --exclude-list-file=FILE Ignore files and/or directories whose names appear in FILE. FILE should have one file name per line. Only exact matches are ignored; relative path names will be resolved starting from the directory where cloc is invoked. See also --list-file. --fullpath Modifies the behavior of --match-f, --not-match-f, and --not-match-d to include the file's path in the regex, not just the file's basename. (This does not expand each file to include its absolute path, instead it uses as much of the path as is passed in to cloc.) Note: --match-d always looks at the full path and therefore is unaffected by --fullpath. --include-lang=L1[,L2,] Count only the given comma separated languages L1, L2, L3, et cetera. --match-d=REGEX Only count files in directories matching the Perl regex. For example --match-d='/(src|include)/' only counts files in directories containing /src/ or /include/. Unlike --not-match-d, --match-f, and --not-match-f, --match-d always compares the fully qualified path against the regex. --not-match-d=REGEX Count all files except those in directories matching the Perl regex. Only the trailing directory name is compared, for example, when counting in /usr/local/lib, only 'lib' is compared to the regex. Add --fullpath to compare parent directories to the regex. Do not include file path separators at the beginning or end of the regex. --match-f=REGEX Only count files whose basenames match the Perl regex. For example --match-f='^[Ww]idget' only counts files that start with Widget or widget. Add --fullpath to include parent directories in the regex instead of just the basename. --not-match-f=REGEX Count all files except those whose basenames match the Perl regex. Add --fullpath to include parent directories in the regex instead of just the basename. --skip-archive=REGEX Ignore files that end with the given Perl regular expression. For example, if given --skip-archive='(zip|tar(.(gz|Z|bz2|xz|7z))?)' the code will skip files that end with .zip, .tar, .tar.gz, .tar.Z, .tar.bz2, .tar.xz, and .tar.7z. --skip-win-hidden On Windows, ignore hidden files. Debug Options --categorized=FILE Save names of categorized files to FILE. --counted=FILE Save names of processed source files to FILE. --diff-alignment=FILE Write to FILE a list of files and file pairs showing which files were added, removed, and/or compared during a run with --diff. This switch forces the --diff mode on. --explain=LANG Print the filters used to remove comments for language LANG and exit. In some cases the filters refer to Perl subroutines rather than regular expressions. An examination of the source code may be needed for further explanation. --help Print this usage information and exit. --found=FILE Save names of every file found to FILE. --ignored=FILE Save names of ignored files and the reason they were ignored to FILE. --print-filter-stages Print processed source code before and after each filter is applied. --show-ext[=EXT] Print information about all known (or just the given) file extensions and exit. --show-lang[=LANG] Print information about all known (or just the given) languages and exit. --show-os Print the value of the operating system mode and exit. See also --unix, --windows. -v[=N] Verbose switch (optional numeric value). -verbose[=N] Long form of -v. --version Print the version of this program and exit. --write-lang-def=FILE Writes to FILE the language processing filters then exits. Useful as a first step to creating custom language definitions (see also --force-lang-def, --read-lang-def). Output Options --3 Print third-generation language output. (This option can cause report summation to fail if some reports were produced with this option while others were produced without it.) --by-percent X Instead of comment and blank line counts, show these values as percentages based on the value of X in the denominator: X = 'c' -> # lines of code X = 'cm' -> # lines of code + comments X = 'cb' -> # lines of code + blanks X = 'cmb' -> # lines of code + comments + blanks For example, if using method 'c' and your code has twice as many lines of comments as lines of code, the value in the comment column will be 200%. The code column remains a line count. --csv Write the results as comma separated values. --csv-delimiter=C Use the character C as the delimiter for comma separated files instead of ,. This switch forces --json Write the results as JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) formatted output. --md Write the results as Markdown-formatted text. --out=FILE Synonym for --report-file=FILE. --progress-rate=N Show progress update after every N files are processed (default N=100). Set N to 0 to suppress progress output (useful when redirecting output to STDOUT). --quiet Suppress all information messages except for the final report. --report-file=FILE Write the results to FILE instead of STDOUT. --sql=FILE Write results as SQL create and insert statements which can be read by a database program such as SQLite. If FILE is -, output is sent to STDOUT. --sql-append Append SQL insert statements to the file specified by --sql and do not generate table creation statements. Only valid with the --sql option. --sql-project=NAME Use NAME as the project identifier for the current run. Only valid with the --sql option. --sql-style=STYLE Write SQL statements in the given style instead of the default SQLite format. Currently, the only style option is Oracle. --sum-one For plain text reports, show the SUM: output line even if only one input file is processed. --xml Write the results in XML. --xsl=FILE Reference FILE as an XSL stylesheet within the XML output. If FILE is 1 (numeric one), writes a default stylesheet, cloc.xsl (or cloc-diff.xsl if --diff is also given). This switch forces --xml on. --yaml Write the results in YAML.
Recognized Languages ▲
prompt> cloc --show-lang ABAP (abap) ActionScript (as) Ada (ada, adb, ads, pad) ADSO/IDSM (adso) Agda (agda, lagda) AMPLE (ample, dofile, startup) Ant (build.xml, build.xml) ANTLR Grammar (g, g4) Apex Trigger (trigger) Arduino Sketch (ino, pde) AsciiDoc (adoc, asciidoc) ASP (asa, asp) ASP.NET (asax, ascx, asmx, aspx, master, sitemap, webinfo) AspectJ (aj) Assembly (asm, S, s) AutoHotkey (ahk) awk (awk) Blade (blade.php) Bourne Again Shell (bash) Bourne Shell (sh) BrightScript (brs) builder (xml.builder) C (c, ec, pgc) C Shell (csh, tcsh) C# (cs) C++ (C, c++, cc, CPP, cpp, cxx, inl, pcc) C/C++ Header (H, h, hh, hpp, hxx) CCS (ccs) Chapel (chpl) Clean (dcl, icl) Clojure (clj) ClojureC (cljc) ClojureScript (cljs) CMake (cmake, CMakeLists.txt) COBOL (CBL, cbl, cob, COB) CoffeeScript (coffee) ColdFusion (cfm) ColdFusion CFScript (cfc) Coq (v) Crystal (cr) CSON (cson) CSS (css) Cucumber (feature) CUDA (cu, cuh) Cython (pyx) D (d) DAL (da) Dart (dart) diff (diff) DITA (dita) DOORS Extension Language (dxl) DOS Batch (bat, BAT, BTM, btm, cmd, CMD) Drools (drl) DTD (dtd) dtrace (d) ECPP (ecpp) EEx (eex) EJS (ejs) Elixir (ex, exs) Elm (elm) Embedded Crystal (ecr) ERB (ERB, erb) Erlang (erl, hrl) Expect (exp) F# (fsi, fs, fs) F# Script (fsx) Fish Shell (fish) Focus (focexec) Forth (4th, e4, f83, fb, forth, fpm, fr, frt, ft, fth, rx, fs, f, for) Fortran 77 (F, F77, f77, FOR, FTN, ftn, pfo, f, for) Fortran 90 (F90, f90) Fortran 95 (F95, f95) Freemarker Template (ftl) GDScript (gd) Gencat NLS (msg) Glade (glade, ui) GLSL (comp, frag, geom, glsl, tesc, tese, vert) Go (go) Gradle (gradle, gradle.kts) Grails (gsp) GraphQL (gql, graphql) Groovy (gant, groovy) Haml (haml) Handlebars (handlebars, hbs) Harbour (hb) Haskell (hs, lhs) Haxe (hx) HCL (hcl, nomad, tf) HLSL (cg, cginc, hlsl, shader) Hoon (hoon) HTML (htm, html) IDL (idl, pro) Idris (idr) Igor Pro (ipf) INI (ini) InstallShield (ism) IPython Notebook (ipynb) Java (java) JavaScript (es6, js) JavaServer Faces (jsf) JCL (jcl) JSON (json) JSON5 (json5) JSP (jsp, jspf) JSX (jsx) Julia (jl) Kermit (ksc) Korn Shell (ksh) Kotlin (kt, kts) Lean (lean) LESS (less) lex (l) LFE (lfe) liquid (liquid) Lisp (asd, el, lisp, lsp, cl, jl) Literate Idris (lidr) LiveLink OScript (oscript) Logtalk (lgt, logtalk) Lua (lua) m4 (ac, m4) make (am, gnumakefile, Gnumakefile, Makefile, makefile, mk) Mako (mako) Markdown (md) Mathematica (mt, wl, wlt, m) MATLAB (m) Maven (pom, pom.xml) Modula3 (i3, ig, m3, mg) MSBuild script (csproj, vbproj, vcproj, wdproj, wixproj) MUMPS (mps, m) Mustache (mustache) MXML (mxml) NAnt script (build) NASTRAN DMAP (dmap) Nemerle (n) Nim (nim) Nix (nix) Objective C (m) Objective C++ (mm) OCaml (ml, mli, mll, mly) OpenCL (cl) Oracle Forms (fmt) Oracle PL/SQL (bod, fnc, prc, spc, trg) Oracle Reports (rex) Pascal (dpr, p, pas) Pascal/Puppet (pp) Patran Command Language (pcl, ses) Perl (perl, plh, plx, pm, pm6, pl) PHP (php, php3, php4, php5, phtml) PHP/Pascal (inc) Pig Latin (pig) PL/I (pl1) PL/M (lit, plm) PO File (po) PowerBuilder (sra, srf, srm, srs, sru, srw) PowerShell (ps1, psd1, psm1) ProGuard (pro) Prolog (P, pl, pro) Protocol Buffers (proto) Pug (pug) PureScript (purs) Python (py) QML (qml) Qt (ui) Qt Linguist (ts) Qt Project (pro) R (R, r) Racket (rkt, rktl, scrbl) RAML (raml) RapydScript (pyj) Razor (cshtml) Rexx (rexx) Rmd (Rmd) RobotFramework (robot, tsv) Ruby (rake, rb) Ruby HTML (rhtml) Rust (rs) SAS (sas) Sass (sass, scss) Scala (scala) Scheme (sc, sch, scm, sld, sls, ss) sed (sed) SKILL (il) SKILL++ (ils) Skylark (bzl) Slice (ice) Slim (slim) Smalltalk (st, cs) Smarty (smarty, tpl) Softbridge Basic (sbl, SBL) Solidity (sol) SparForte (sp) Specman e (e) SQL (psql, sql, SQL) SQL Data (data.sql) SQL Stored Procedure (spc.sql, spoc.sql, sproc.sql, udf.sql) Standard ML (fun, sig, sml) Stata (DO, do) Stylus (styl) Swift (swift) SWIG (i) Tcl/Tk (itk, tcl, tk) Teamcenter met (met) Teamcenter mth (mth) TeX (bst, dtx, sty, tex) TITAN Project File Information (tpd) Titanium Style Sheet (tss) TOML (toml) TTCN (ttcn, ttcn2, ttcn3, ttcnpp) Twig (twig) TypeScript (tsx, ts) Unity-Prefab (mat, prefab) Vala (vala) Vala Header (vapi) Velocity Template Language (vm) Verilog-SystemVerilog (sv, svh, v) VHDL (vhd, VHD, vhdl, VHDL) vim script (vim) Visual Basic (bas, cls, ctl, dsr, frm, vb, VB, vba, VBA, vbs, VBS) Visual Fox Pro (SCA, sca) Visualforce Component (component) Visualforce Page (page) Vuejs Component (vue) Windows Message File (mc) Windows Module Definition (def) Windows Resource File (rc, rc2) WiX include (wxi) WiX source (wxs) WiX string localization (wxl) XAML (xaml) xBase (prg) xBase Header (ch) XHTML (xhtml) XMI (xmi, XMI) XML (XML, xml) XQuery (xq, xquery) XSD (XSD, xsd) XSLT (XSL, xsl, XSLT, xslt) Xtend (xtend) yacc (y) YAML (yaml, yml) zsh (zsh)
The above list can be customized by reading language definitions from a
file with the --read-lang-def
or --force-lang-def
options.
These file extensions map to multiple languages:
.cl
files could be Lisp or OpenCL.cs
files could be C# or Smalltalk.d
files could be D or dtrace.f
or.for
files could be Fortran or Forth.fs
files could be Forth or F#.inc
files could be PHP or Pascal.jl
files could be Lisp or Julia.m
files could be MATLAB, Mathematica, Mercury, MUMPS, or Objective C.pl
files could be Perl or Prolog.pp
files could be Pascal or Puppet.pro
files could be IDL, Prolog, or a Qt Project.ts
files could be TypeScript or Qt Linguist.ui
files could be Qt or Glade.v
files could be Coq or Verilog/SystemVerilogbuild.xml
files could be Ant or XMLpom.xml
files could be Maven or XML
cloc has subroutines that attempt to identify the correct language based on the file's contents for these special cases. Language identification accuracy is a function of how much code the file contains; .m files with just one or two lines for example, seldom have enough information to correctly distinguish between MATLAB, Mercury, MUMPS, or Objective C.
Languages with file extension collisions are difficult to customize with
--read-lang-def
or --force-lang-def
as they have no mechanism to
identify languages with common extensions. In this situation one must
modify the cloc source code.
How It Works ▲
cloc's method of operation resembles SLOCCount's: First, create a list of files to consider. Next, attempt to determine whether or not found files contain recognized computer language source code. Finally, for files identified as source files, invoke language-specific routines to count the number of source lines.
A more detailed description:
-
If the input file is an archive (such as a .tar.gz or .zip file), create a temporary directory and expand the archive there using a system call to an appropriate underlying utility (tar, bzip2, unzip, etc) then add this temporary directory as one of the inputs. (This works more reliably on Unix than on Windows.)
-
Use File::Find to recursively descend the input directories and make a list of candidate file names. Ignore binary and zero-sized files.
-
Make sure the files in the candidate list have unique contents (first by comparing file sizes, then, for similarly sized files, compare MD5 hashes of the file contents with Digest::MD5). For each set of identical files, remove all but the first copy, as determined by a lexical sort, of identical files from the set. The removed files are not included in the report. (The
--skip-uniqueness
switch disables the uniqueness tests and forces all copies of files to be included in the report.) See also the--ignored=
switch to see which files were ignored and why. -
Scan the candidate file list for file extensions which cloc associates with programming languages (see the
--show-lang
and--show-ext
options). Files which match are classified as containing source code for that language. Each file without an extensions is opened and its first line read to see if it is a Unix shell script (anything that begins with #!). If it is shell script, the file is classified by that scripting language (if the language is recognized). If the file does not have a recognized extension or is not a recognzied scripting language, the file is ignored. -
All remaining files in the candidate list should now be source files for known programming languages. For each of these files:
- Read the entire file into memory.
- Count the number of lines (= Loriginal).
- Remove blank lines, then count again (= Lnon_blank).
- Loop over the comment filters defined for this language. (For example, C++ has two filters: (1) remove lines that start with optional whitespace followed by // and (2) remove text between /* and */) Apply each filter to the code to remove comments. Count the left over lines (= Lcode).
- Save the counts for this language:
- blank lines = Loriginal - Lnon_blank
- comment lines = Lnon_blank - Lcode
- code lines = Lcode
The options modify the algorithm slightly. The --read-lang-def
option
for example allows the user to read definitions of comment filters,
known file extensions, and known scripting languages from a file. The
code for this option is processed between Steps 2 and 3.
Advanced Use ▲
Remove Comments from Source Code ▲
How can you tell if cloc correctly identifies comments? One way to
convince yourself cloc is doing the right thing is to use its
--strip-comments
option to remove comments and blank lines from files, then
compare the stripped-down files to originals.
Let's try this out with the SQLite amalgamation, a C file containing all code needed to build the SQLite library along with a header file:
prompt> tar zxf sqlite-amalgamation-3.5.6.tar.gz prompt> cd sqlite-3.5.6/ prompt> cloc --strip-comments=nc sqlite.c 1 text file. 1 unique file. Wrote sqlite3.c.nc 0 files ignored. http://cloc.sourceforge.net v 1.03 T=1.0 s (1.0 files/s, 82895.0 lines/s) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code scale 3rd gen. equiv ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C 1 5167 26827 50901 x 0.77 = 39193.77 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The extension argument given to --strip-comments is arbitrary; here nc was used as an abbreviation for "no comments".
cloc removed over 31,000 lines from the file:
prompt> wc -l sqlite3.c sqlite3.c.nc 82895 sqlite3.c 50901 sqlite3.c.nc 133796 total prompt> echo "82895 - 50901" | bc 31994
We can now compare the original file, sqlite3.c and the one stripped of comments, sqlite3.c.nc with tools like diff or vimdiff and see what exactly cloc considered comments and blank lines. A rigorous proof that the stripped-down file contains the same C code as the original is to compile these files and compare checksums of the resulting object files.
First, the original source file:
prompt> gcc -c sqlite3.c prompt> md5sum sqlite3.o cce5f1a2ea27c7e44b2e1047e2588b49 sqlite3.o
Next, the version without comments:
prompt> mv sqlite3.c.nc sqlite3.c prompt> gcc -c sqlite3.c prompt> md5sum sqlite3.o cce5f1a2ea27c7e44b2e1047e2588b49 sqlite3.o
cloc removed over 31,000 lines of comments and blanks but did not modify the source code in any significant way since the resulting object file matches the original.
Work with Compressed Archives ▲
Versions of cloc before v1.07 required an
--extract-with=CMD
option to tell cloc how
to expand an archive file. Beginning with v1.07 this is extraction is
attempted automatically. At the moment the automatic extraction method works
reasonably well on Unix-type OS's for the following file types:
.tar.gz
,
.tar.bz2
,
.tar.xz
,
.tgz
,
.zip
,
.ear
,
.deb
.
Some of these extensions work on Windows if one has WinZip installed
in the default location (C:\Program Files\WinZip\WinZip32.exe
).
Additionally, with newer versions of WinZip, the
[http://www.winzip.com/downcl.htm](command line add-on)
is needed for correct operation; in this case one would invoke cloc with
something like
--extract-with="\"c:\Program Files\WinZip\wzunzip\" -e -o >FILE< ."
Ref. http://sourceforge.net/projects/cloc/forums/forum/600963/topic/4021070?message=8938196
In situations where the automatic extraction fails, one can try the
--extract-with=CMD
option to count lines of code within tar files, Zip files, or
other compressed archives for which one has an extraction tool.
cloc takes the user-provided extraction command and expands the archive
to a temporary directory (created with File::Temp),
counts the lines of code in the temporary directory,
then removes that directory. While not especially helpful when dealing
with a single compressed archive (after all, if you're going to type
the extraction command anyway why not just manually expand the archive?)
this option is handy for working with several archives at once.
For example, say you have the following source tarballs on a Unix machine
perl-5.8.5.tar.gz
Python-2.4.2.tar.gz
and you want to count all the code within them. The command would be
cloc --extract-with='gzip -dc >FILE< | tar xf -' perl-5.8.5.tar.gz Python-2.4.2.tar.gz
If that Unix machine has GNU tar (which can uncompress and extract in one step) the command can be shortened to
cloc --extract-with='tar zxf >FILE<' perl-5.8.5.tar.gz Python-2.4.2.tar.gz
On a Windows computer with WinZip installed in
c:\Program Files\WinZip
the command would look like
cloc.exe --extract-with="\"c:\Program Files\WinZip\WinZip32.exe\" -e -o >FILE< ." perl-5.8.5.tar.gz Python-2.4.2.tar.gz
Java .ear
files are Zip files that contain additional Zip
files. cloc can handle nested compressed archives without
difficulty--provided all such files are compressed and archived in the
same way. Examples of counting a
Java .ear
file in Unix and Windows:
Unix> cloc --extract-with="unzip -d . >FILE< " Project.ear DOS> cloc.exe --extract-with="\"c:\Program Files\WinZip\WinZip32.exe\" -e -o >FILE< ." Project.ear
Differences
The --diff
switch allows one to measure the relative change in
source code and comments between two versions of a file, directory,
or archive. Differences reveal much more than absolute code
counts of two file versions. For example, say a source file
has 100 lines and its developer delivers a newer version with
102 lines. Did the developer add two comment lines,
or delete seventeen source
lines and add fourteen source lines and five comment lines, or did
the developer
do a complete rewrite, discarding all 100 original lines and
adding 102 lines of all new source? The diff option tells how
many lines of source were added, removed, modified or stayed
the same, and how many lines of comments were added, removed,
modified or stayed the same.
In addition to file pairs, one can give cloc pairs of directories, or pairs of file archives, or a file archive and a directory. cloc will try to align file pairs within the directories or archives and compare diffs for each pair. For example, to see what changed between GCC 4.4.0 and 4.5.0 one could do
cloc --diff gcc-4.4.0.tar.bz2 gcc-4.5.0.tar.bz2
Be prepared to wait a while for the results though; the --diff
option runs much more slowly than an absolute code count.
To see how cloc aligns files between the two archives, use the
--diff-alignment
option
cloc --diff-aligment=align.txt gcc-4.4.0.tar.bz2 gcc-4.5.0.tar.bz2
to produce the file align.txt
which shows the file pairs as well
as files added and deleted. The symbols ==
and !=
before each
file pair indicate if the files are identical (==
)
or if they have different content (!=
).
Here's sample output showing the difference between the Python 2.6.6 and 2.7 releases:
prompt> cloc --diff Python-2.7.9.tgz Python-2.7.10.tar.xz 4315 text files. 4313 text files.s 2173 files ignored. 4 errors: Diff error, exceeded timeout: /tmp/8ToGAnB9Y1/Python-2.7.9/Mac/Modules/qt/_Qtmodule.c Diff error, exceeded timeout: /tmp/M6ldvsGaoq/Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/qt/_Qtmodule.c Diff error (quoted comments?): /tmp/8ToGAnB9Y1/Python-2.7.9/Mac/Modules/qd/qdsupport.py Diff error (quoted comments?): /tmp/M6ldvsGaoq/Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/qd/qdsupport.py https://github.com/AlDanial/cloc v 1.65 T=298.59 s (0.0 files/s, 0.0 lines/s) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Visual Basic same 2 0 1 12 modified 0 0 0 0 added 0 0 0 0 removed 0 0 0 0 make same 11 0 340 2952 modified 1 0 0 1 added 0 0 0 0 removed 0 0 0 0 diff same 1 0 87 105 modified 0 0 0 0 added 0 0 0 0 removed 0 0 0 0 CSS same 0 0 19 327 modified 1 0 0 1 added 0 0 0 0 removed 0 0 0 0 Objective C same 7 0 61 635 modified 0 0 0 0 added 0 0 0 0 removed 0 0 0 0 NAnt script same 2 0 0 30 modified 0 0 0 0 added 0 0 0 0 removed 0 0 0 0 XML same 3 0 2 72 modified 1 0 0 1 added 0 0 0 1 removed 0 1 0 0 Windows Resource File same 3 0 56 206 modified 1 0 0 1 added 0 0 0 0 removed 0 0 0 0 Expect same 6 0 161 565 modified 0 0 0 0 added 0 0 0 0 removed 0 0 0 0 HTML same 14 0 11 2344 modified 0 0 0 0 added 0 0 0 0 removed 0 0 0 0 vim script same 1 0 7 106 modified 0 0 0 0 added 0 0 0 0 removed 0 0 0 0 C++ same 2 0 18 128 modified 0 0 0 0 added 0 0 0 0 removed 0 0 0 0 Windows Module Definition same 7 0 187 2080 modified 2 0 0 0 added 0 0 0 1 removed 0 1 0 2 Prolog same 1 0 0 24 modified 0 0 0 0 added 0 0 0 0 removed 0 0 0 0 Javascript same 3 0 49 229 modified 0 0 0 0 added 0 0 0 0 removed 0 0 0 0 Assembly same 51 0 6794 12298 modified 0 0 0 0 added 0 0 0 0 removed 0 0 0 0 Bourne Shell same 41 0 7698 45024 modified 1 0 0 3 added 0 13 2 64 removed 0 0 0 0 DOS Batch same 29 0 107 494 modified 1 0 0 9 added 0 1 0 3 removed 0 0 0 0 MSBuild script same 77 0 3 38910 modified 0 0 0 0 added 0 0 0 0 removed 0 0 0 0 Python same 1947 0 109012 430335 modified 192 0 94 950 added 2 323 283 2532 removed 2 55 58 646 m4 same 18 0 191 15352 modified 1 0 0 2 added 1 31 0 205 removed 0 0 0 0 C same 505 0 37439 347837 modified 45 0 13 218 added 0 90 33 795 removed 0 9 2 148 C/C++ Header same 255 0 10361 66635 modified 5 0 5 7 added 0 1 3 300 removed 0 0 0 0 --------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: same 2986 0 172604 966700 modified 251 0 112 1193 added 3 459 321 3901 removed 2 66 60 796 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
A pair of errors occurred.
The first pair was caused by timing out when computing diffs of the file
Python-X/Mac/Modules/qt/_Qtmodule.c
in each Python version.
This file has > 26,000 lines of C code and takes more than
10 seconds--the default maximum duration for diff'ing a
single file--on my slow computer. (Note: this refers to
performing differences with
the sdiff()
function in the Perl Algorithm::Diff
module,
not the command line diff
utility.) This error can be
overcome by raising the time to, say, 20 seconds
with --diff-timeout 20
.
The second error is more problematic. The files
Python-X/Mac/Modules/qd/qdsupport.py
include Python docstring (text between pairs of triple quotes)
containing C comments. cloc treats docstrings as comments and handles them
by first converting them to C comments, then using the C comment removing
regular expression. Nested C comments yield erroneous results however.
Create Custom Language Definitions ▲
cloc can write its language comment definitions to a file or can read comment definitions from a file, overriding the built-in definitions. This can be useful when you want to use cloc to count lines of a language not yet included, to change association of file extensions to languages, or to modify the way existing languages are counted.
The easiest way to create a custom language definition file is to make cloc write its definitions to a file, then modify that file:
Unix> cloc --write-lang-def=my_definitions.txt
creates the file my_definitions.txt
which can be modified
then read back in with either the --read-lang-def
or
--force-lang-def
option. The difference between the options is
former merges language definitions from the given file in with
cloc's internal definitions with cloc's taking precedence
if there are overlaps. The --force-lang-def
option, on the
other hand, replaces cloc's definitions completely.
This option has a disadvantage in preventing cloc from counting
languages whose extensions map to multiple languages
as these languages require additional logic that is not easily
expressed in a definitions file.
Unix> cloc --read-lang-def=my_definitions.txt file1 file2 dir1 ...
Each language entry has four parts:
- The language name starting in column 1.
- One or more comment filters starting in column 5.
- One or more filename extensions starting in column 5.
- A 3rd generation scale factor starting in column 5. This entry must be provided but its value is not important unless you want to compare your language to a hypothetical third generation programming language.
A filter defines a method to remove comment text from the source file. For example the entry for C++ looks like this
C++ filter call_regexp_common C++ filter remove_inline //.*$ extension C extension c++ extension cc extension cpp extension cxx extension pcc 3rd_gen_scale 1.51 end_of_line_continuation \\$
C++ has two filters: first, remove lines matching Regexp::Common's C++ comment regex. The second filter using remove_inline is currently unused. Its intent is to identify lines with both code and comments and it may be implemented in the future.
A more complete discussion of the different filter options may appear
here in the future. The output of cloc's
--write-lang-def
option should provide enough examples
for motivated individuals to modify or extend cloc's language definitions.
Combine Reports ▲
If you manage multiple software projects you might be interested in seeing line counts by project, not just by language. Say you manage three software projects called MariaDB, PostgreSQL, and SQLite. The teams responsible for each of these projects run cloc on their source code and provide you with the output. For example MariaDB team does
cloc --out mariadb-10.1.txt mariadb-server-10.1.zip
and provides you with the file mariadb-10.1.txt
.
The contents of the three files you get are
Unix> cat mariadb-10.1.txt https://github.com/AlDanial/cloc v 1.65 T=45.36 s (110.5 files/s, 66411.4 lines/s) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C++ 1613 225338 290077 983026 C 853 62442 73017 715018 C/C++ Header 1327 48300 114577 209394 Bourne Shell 256 10224 10810 61943 Perl 147 10342 8305 35562 Pascal 107 4907 5237 32541 HTML 56 195 6 16489 Javascript 5 3309 3019 15540 m4 30 1599 359 14215 CMake 190 1919 4097 12206 XML 35 648 56 5210 Ruby 59 619 184 4998 Puppet 10 0 1 3848 make 134 724 360 3631 SQL 23 306 377 3405 Python 34 371 122 2545 Bourne Again Shell 27 299 380 1604 Windows Module Definition 37 27 13 1211 lex 4 394 166 991 yacc 2 152 64 810 DOS Batch 19 89 82 700 Prolog 1 9 40 448 RobotFramework 1 0 0 441 CSS 2 33 155 393 JSON 5 0 0 359 dtrace 9 59 179 306 Windows Resource File 10 61 89 250 Assembly 2 70 284 237 WiX source 1 18 10 155 Visual Basic 6 0 0 88 YAML 2 4 4 65 PHP 1 11 2 24 SKILL 1 8 15 16 sed 2 0 0 16 Windows Message File 1 2 8 6 diff 1 1 4 4 D 1 4 11 4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 5014 372484 512110 2127699 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unix> cat sqlite-3081101.txt https://github.com/AlDanial/cloc v 1.65 T=1.22 s (3.3 files/s, 143783.6 lines/s) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C 2 11059 53924 101454 C/C++ Header 2 211 6630 1546 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 4 11270 60554 103000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unix> cat postgresql-9.4.4.txt https://github.com/AlDanial/cloc v 1.65 T=22.46 s (172.0 files/s, 96721.6 lines/s) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HTML 1254 3725 0 785991 C 1139 139289 244045 736519 C/C++ Header 667 12277 32488 57014 SQL 410 13400 8745 51926 yacc 8 3163 2669 28491 Bourne Shell 41 2647 2440 17170 Perl 81 1702 1308 9456 lex 9 792 1631 4285 make 205 1525 1554 4114 m4 12 218 25 1642 Windows Module Definition 13 4 17 1152 XSLT 5 76 55 294 DOS Batch 7 29 30 92 CSS 1 20 7 69 Assembly 3 17 38 69 D 1 14 14 66 Windows Resource File 3 4 0 62 Lisp 1 1 1 16 sed 1 1 7 15 Python 1 5 0 13 Bourne Again Shell 1 8 6 10 Windows Message File 1 0 0 5 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 3864 178917 295080 1698471 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
While these three files are interesting, you also want to see
the combined counts from all projects.
That can be done with cloc's --sum_reports
option:
Unix> cloc --sum-reports --out=databases mariadb-10.1.txt sqlite-3081101.txt postgresql-9.4.4.txt Wrote databases.lang Wrote databases.file
The report combination produces two output files, one for sums by
programming language (databases.lang
) and one by project
(databases.file
).
Their contents are
Unix> cat databases.lang https://github.com/AlDanial/cloc v 1.65 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C 1994 212790 370986 1552991 C++ 1613 225338 290077 983026 HTML 1310 3920 6 802480 C/C++ Header 1996 60788 153695 267954 Bourne Shell 297 12871 13250 79113 SQL 433 13706 9122 55331 Perl 228 12044 9613 45018 Pascal 107 4907 5237 32541 yacc 10 3315 2733 29301 m4 42 1817 384 15857 Javascript 5 3309 3019 15540 CMake 190 1919 4097 12206 make 339 2249 1914 7745 lex 13 1186 1797 5276 XML 35 648 56 5210 Ruby 59 619 184 4998 Puppet 10 0 1 3848 Python 35 376 122 2558 Windows Module Definition 50 31 30 2363 Bourne Again Shell 28 307 386 1614 DOS Batch 26 118 112 792 CSS 3 53 162 462 Prolog 1 9 40 448 RobotFramework 1 0 0 441 JSON 5 0 0 359 Windows Resource File 13 65 89 312 Assembly 5 87 322 306 dtrace 9 59 179 306 XSLT 5 76 55 294 WiX source 1 18 10 155 Visual Basic 6 0 0 88 D 2 18 25 70 YAML 2 4 4 65 sed 3 1 7 31 PHP 1 11 2 24 SKILL 1 8 15 16 Lisp 1 1 1 16 Windows Message File 2 2 8 11 diff 1 1 4 4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 8882 562671 867744 3929170 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unix> cat databases.file ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- File files blank comment code ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- mariadb-10.1.txt 5014 372484 512110 2127699 postgresql-9.4.4.txt 3864 178917 295080 1698471 sqlite-3081101.txt 4 11270 60554 103000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 8882 562671 867744 3929170 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Report files themselves can be summed together. Say you also manage development of Perl and Python and you want to keep track of those line counts separately from your database projects. First create reports for Perl and Python separately:
cloc --out perl-5.22.0.txt perl-5.22.0.tar.gz cloc --out python-2.7.10.txt Python-2.7.10.tar.xz
then sum these together with
Unix> cloc --sum-reports --out script_lang perl-5.22.0.txt python-2.7.10.txt Wrote script_lang.lang Wrote script_lang.file Unix> cat script_lang.lang https://github.com/AlDanial/cloc v 1.65 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Perl 2892 136396 184362 536445 C 680 75566 71211 531203 Python 2141 89642 109524 434015 C/C++ Header 408 16433 26938 214800 Bourne Shell 154 11088 14496 87759 MSBuild script 77 0 3 38910 m4 20 1604 191 15559 Assembly 51 3775 6794 12298 Pascal 8 458 1603 8592 make 16 897 828 4939 XML 37 198 2 2484 HTML 14 393 11 2344 C++ 12 338 295 2161 Windows Module Definition 9 171 187 2081 YAML 49 20 15 2078 Prolog 12 438 2 1146 JSON 14 1 0 1037 yacc 1 85 76 998 DOS Batch 44 199 148 895 Objective C 7 98 61 635 Expect 6 104 161 565 Windows Message File 1 102 11 489 CSS 1 98 19 328 Windows Resource File 7 55 56 292 Javascript 3 31 49 229 vim script 1 36 7 106 diff 1 17 87 105 NAnt script 2 1 0 30 IDL 1 0 0 24 Visual Basic 2 1 1 12 D 1 5 7 8 Lisp 2 0 3 4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 6674 338250 417148 1902571 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unix> cat script_lang.file ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- File files blank comment code ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- python-2.7.10.txt 3240 161276 173214 998697 perl-5.22.0.txt 3434 176974 243934 903874 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 6674 338250 417148 1902571 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finally, combine the combination files:
Unix> cloc --sum-reports --report_file=everything databases.lang script_lang.lang Wrote everything.lang Wrote everything.file Unix> cat everything.lang https://github.com/AlDanial/cloc v 1.65 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Language files blank comment code --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C 2674 288356 442197 2084194 C++ 1625 225676 290372 985187 HTML 1324 4313 17 804824 Perl 3120 148440 193975 581463 C/C++ Header 2404 77221 180633 482754 Python 2176 90018 109646 436573 Bourne Shell 451 23959 27746 166872 SQL 433 13706 9122 55331 Pascal 115 5365 6840 41133 MSBuild script 77 0 3 38910 m4 62 3421 575 31416 yacc 11 3400 2809 30299 Javascript 8 3340 3068 15769 make 355 3146 2742 12684 Assembly 56 3862 7116 12604 CMake 190 1919 4097 12206 XML 72 846 58 7694 lex 13 1186 1797 5276 Ruby 59 619 184 4998 Windows Module Definition 59 202 217 4444 Puppet 10 0 1 3848 YAML 51 24 19 2143 DOS Batch 70 317 260 1687 Bourne Again Shell 28 307 386 1614 Prolog 13 447 42 1594 JSON 19 1 0 1396 CSS 4 151 181 790 Objective C 7 98 61 635 Windows Resource File 20 120 145 604 Expect 6 104 161 565 Windows Message File 3 104 19 500 RobotFramework 1 0 0 441 dtrace 9 59 179 306 XSLT 5 76 55 294 WiX source 1 18 10 155 diff 2 18 91 109 vim script 1 36 7 106 Visual Basic 8 1 1 100 D 3 23 32 78 sed 3 1 7 31 NAnt script 2 1 0 30 IDL 1 0 0 24 PHP 1 11 2 24 Lisp 3 1 4 20 SKILL 1 8 15 16 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 15556 900921 1284892 5831741 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unix> cat everything.file ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- File files blank comment code ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- databases.lang 8882 562671 867744 3929170 script_lang.lang 6674 338250 417148 1902571 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUM: 15556 900921 1284892 5831741 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SQL ▲
Cloc can write results in the form of SQL table create and insert statements for use with relational database programs such as SQLite, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, or Microsoft SQL. Once the code count information is in a database, the information can be interrogated and displayed in interesting ways.
A database created from cloc SQL output has two tables, metadata and t:
Table metadata:
Field | Type |
---|---|
timestamp | text |
project | text |
elapsed_s | text |
Table t:
Field | Type |
---|---|
project | text |
language | text |
file | text |
nBlank | integer |
nComment | integer |
nCode | integer |
nScaled | real |
The metadata table contains information about when the cloc run
was made. The --sql-append
switch allows one to combine
many runs in a single database; each run adds a
row to the metadata table.
The code count information resides in table t.
Let's repeat the code count examples of Perl, Python, SQLite, MySQL and PostgreSQL tarballs shown in the Combine Reports example above, this time using the SQL output options and the SQLite database engine.
The --sql
switch tells cloc to generate output in the form
of SQL table create
and insert
commands. The switch takes
an argument of a file name to write these SQL statements into, or,
if the argument is 1 (numeric one), streams output to STDOUT.
Since the SQLite command line program, sqlite3
, can read
commands from STDIN, we can dispense with storing SQL statements to
a file and use --sql 1
to pipe data directly into the
SQLite executable:
cloc --sql 1 --sql-project mariadb mariadb-server-10.1.zip | sqlite3 code.db
The --sql-project mariadb
part is optional; there's no need
to specify a project name when working with just one code base. However,
since we'll be adding code counts from four other tarballs, we'll only
be able to identify data by input source if we supply a
project name for each run.
Now that we have a database we will need to pass in the --sql-append
switch to tell cloc not to wipe out this database but instead add more data:
cloc --sql 1 --sql-project postgresql --sql-append postgresql-9.4.4.tar.bz2 | sqlite3 code.db cloc --sql 1 --sql-project sqlite --sql-append sqlite-amalgamation-3081101.zip | sqlite3 code.db cloc --sql 1 --sql-project python --sql-append Python-2.7.10.tar.xz | sqlite3 code.db cloc --sql 1 --sql-project perl --sql-append perl-5.22.0.tar.gz | sqlite3 code.db
Now the fun begins--we have a database, code.db
, with lots of
information about the five projects and can query it
for all manner of interesting facts.
Which is the longest file over all projects?
prompt> sqlite3 code.db 'select project,file,nBlank+nComment+nCode as nL from t where nL = (select max(nBlank+nComment+nCode) from t)' sqlite|sqlite-amalgamation-3081101/sqlite3.c|161623
sqlite3
's default output format leaves a bit to be desired.
We can add an option to the program's rc file,
~/.sqliterc
, to show column headers:
.header on
One might be tempted to also include
.mode column
in ~/.sqliterc
but this causes problems when the output has more than
one row since the widths of entries in the first row govern the maximum
width for all subsequent rows. Often this leads to truncated output--not
at all desirable. One option is to write a custom SQLite output
formatter such as sqlite_formatter
, included with cloc.
To use it, simply pass sqlite3
's STDOUT into sqlite_formatter
via a pipe:
prompt> sqlite3 code.db 'select project,file,nBlank+nComment+nCode as nL from t where nL = (select max(nBlank+nComment+nCode) from t)' | ./sqlite_formatter -- Loading resources from ~/.sqliterc Project File nL _______ _____________________________________ ______ sqlite sqlite-amalgamation-3081101/sqlite3.c 161623
If the "Project File" line doesn't appear, add .header on
to your
~/.sqliterc
file as explained above.
What is the longest file over all projects?
prompt> sqlite3 code.db 'select project,file,nBlank+nComment+nCode as nL from t where nL = (select max(nBlank+nComment+nCode) from t)' | sqlite_formatter Project File nL _______ _____________________________________ ______ sqlite sqlite-amalgamation-3081101/sqlite3.c 161623
What is the longest file in each project?
prompt> sqlite3 code.db 'select project,file,max(nBlank+nComment+nCode) as nL from t group by project order by nL;' | sqlite_formatter Project File nL __________ ________________________________________________________________ ______ python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/qt/_Qtmodule.c 28091 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc.c 54623 mariadb server-10.1/storage/mroonga/vendor/groonga/lib/nfkc.c 80246 perl perl-5.22.0/cpan/Locale-Codes/lib/Locale/Codes/Language_Codes.pm 100747 sqlite sqlite-amalgamation-3081101/sqlite3.c 161623
Which files in each project have the most code lines?
prompt> sqlite3 code.db 'select project,file,max(nCode) as nL from t group by project order by nL desc;' | sqlite_formatter Project File nL __________ ________________________________________________________________ ______ perl perl-5.22.0/cpan/Locale-Codes/lib/Locale/Codes/Language_Codes.pm 100735 sqlite sqlite-amalgamation-3081101/sqlite3.c 97469 mariadb server-10.1/storage/mroonga/vendor/groonga/lib/nfkc.c 80221 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc.c 45297 python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/qt/_Qtmodule.c 26705
Which C source files with more than 300 lines have a comment ratio below 1%?
prompt> sqlite3 code.db 'select project, file, nCode, nComment, (100.0*nComment)/(nComment+nCode) as comment_ratio from t where language="C" and nCode > 300 and comment_ratio < 1 order by comment_ratio;' | sqlite_formatter Project File nCode nComment comment_ratio __________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _____ ________ __________________ mariadb server-10.1/storage/mroonga/vendor/groonga/lib/nfkc.c 80221 14 0.0174487443135789 python Python-2.7.10/Python/graminit.c 2175 1 0.0459558823529412 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_UTF_8_turkish.c 2095 1 0.0477099236641221 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_UTF_8_french.c 1211 1 0.0825082508250825 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_ISO_8859_1_french.c 1201 1 0.0831946755407654 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_UTF_8_hungarian.c 1182 1 0.084530853761623 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_ISO_8859_1_hungarian.c 1178 1 0.0848176420695505 mariadb server-10.1/strings/ctype-eucjpms.c 67466 60 0.0888546633889169 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_UTF_8_english.c 1072 1 0.0931966449207828 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_ISO_8859_1_english.c 1064 1 0.0938967136150235 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_UTF_8_spanish.c 1053 1 0.094876660341556 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_ISO_8859_1_spanish.c 1049 1 0.0952380952380952 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_UTF_8_italian.c 1031 1 0.0968992248062016 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_ISO_8859_1_italian.c 1023 1 0.09765625 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_UTF_8_portuguese.c 981 1 0.10183299389002 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_ISO_8859_1_portuguese.c 975 1 0.102459016393443 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_UTF_8_romanian.c 967 1 0.103305785123967 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_ISO_8859_2_romanian.c 961 1 0.103950103950104 mariadb server-10.1/strings/ctype-ujis.c 67177 79 0.117461639110265 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_UTF_8_finnish.c 720 1 0.13869625520111 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_UTF_8_porter.c 717 1 0.139275766016713 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_ISO_8859_1_finnish.c 714 1 0.13986013986014 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_ISO_8859_1_porter.c 711 1 0.140449438202247 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_KOI8_R_russian.c 660 1 0.151285930408472 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_UTF_8_russian.c 654 1 0.152671755725191 python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/qt/_Qtmodule.c 26705 42 0.157026956294164 python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/icn/_Icnmodule.c 1521 3 0.196850393700787 mariadb server-10.1/strings/ctype-extra.c 8282 18 0.216867469879518 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/bin/psql/sql_help.c 3576 8 0.223214285714286 mariadb server-10.1/strings/ctype-sjis.c 34006 86 0.252258594391646 python Python-2.7.10/Python/Python-ast.c 6554 17 0.258712524729874 mariadb server-10.1/strings/ctype-cp932.c 34609 92 0.265122042592432 perl perl-5.22.0/keywords.c 2815 8 0.283386468296139 python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/menu/_Menumodule.c 3263 10 0.305530094714329 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_UTF_8_dutch.c 596 2 0.334448160535117 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_ISO_8859_1_dutch.c 586 2 0.340136054421769 mariadb server-10.1/strings/ctype-gbk.c 10684 38 0.354411490393583 python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/qd/_Qdmodule.c 6694 24 0.357249181303959 python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/win/_Winmodule.c 3056 11 0.358656667753505 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_UTF_8_german.c 476 2 0.418410041841004 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_ISO_8859_1_german.c 470 2 0.423728813559322 mariadb server-10.1/strings/ctype-euc_kr.c 9956 44 0.44 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/utils/fmgrtab.c 4815 23 0.475403059115337 python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/ctl/_Ctlmodule.c 5442 28 0.511882998171846 python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/ae/_AEmodule.c 1347 7 0.51698670605613 python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/app/_Appmodule.c 1712 9 0.52295177222545 mariadb server-10.1/strings/ctype-gb2312.c 6377 35 0.54585152838428 mariadb server-10.1/storage/tokudb/ft-index/third_party/xz-4.999.9beta/src/liblzma/lzma/fastpos_table.c 516 3 0.578034682080925 python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/evt/_Evtmodule.c 504 3 0.591715976331361 python Python-2.7.10/Modules/expat/xmlrole.c 1256 8 0.632911392405063 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_UTF_8_danish.c 312 2 0.636942675159236 postgresql postgresql-9.4.4/src/backend/snowball/libstemmer/stem_ISO_8859_1_danish.c 310 2 0.641025641025641 python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/res/_Resmodule.c 1621 12 0.734843845682792 python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/drag/_Dragmodule.c 1046 8 0.759013282732448 python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/list/_Listmodule.c 1021 8 0.777453838678329 python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/te/_TEmodule.c 1198 10 0.827814569536424 python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/cg/_CGmodule.c 1190 10 0.833333333333333 python Python-2.7.10/Modules/clmodule.c 2379 23 0.957535387177352 python Python-2.7.10/Mac/Modules/folder/_Foldermodule.c 306 3 0.970873786407767
What are the ten longest files (based on code lines) that have no comments at all? Exclude header, .html, and YAML files.
prompt> sqlite3 code.db 'select project, file, nCode from t where nComment = 0 and language not in ("C/C++ Header", "YAML", "HTML") order by nCode desc limit 10;' | sqlite_formatter Project File nCode _______ ____________________________________________________________________ _____ perl perl-5.22.0/cpan/Unicode-Collate/Collate/Locale/ja.pl 1938 python Python-2.7.10/PCbuild/pythoncore.vcproj 1889 python Python-2.7.10/PC/VS8.0/pythoncore.vcproj 1889 mariadb server-10.1/mysql-test/extra/binlog_tests/mysqlbinlog_row_engine.inc 1862 perl perl-5.22.0/cpan/Unicode-Collate/Collate/Locale/zh_strk.pl 1589 perl perl-5.22.0/cpan/Unicode-Collate/Collate/Locale/zh_zhu.pl 1563 mariadb server-10.1/storage/mroonga/vendor/groonga/configure.ac 1526 perl perl-5.22.0/cpan/Unicode-Collate/Collate/Locale/zh_pin.pl 1505 mariadb server-10.1/mysql-test/suite/funcs_1/storedproc/storedproc_02.inc 1465 python Python-2.7.10/PC/VS8.0/_bsddb.vcproj 1463
What are the most popular languages (in terms of lines of code) in each project?
prompt> sqlite3 code.db 'select project, language, sum(nCode) as SumCode from t group by project,language order by project,SumCode desc;' | sqlite_formatter Project Language SumCode __________ _________________________ _______ mariadb C++ 983026 mariadb C 715018 mariadb C/C++ Header 209394 mariadb Bourne Shell 61943 mariadb Perl 35562 mariadb Pascal 32541 mariadb HTML 16489 mariadb Javascript 15540 mariadb m4 14215 mariadb CMake 12206 mariadb XML 5210 mariadb Ruby 4998 mariadb Puppet 3848 mariadb make 3631 mariadb SQL 3405 mariadb Python 2545 mariadb Bourne Again Shell 1604 mariadb Windows Module Definition 1211 mariadb lex 991 mariadb yacc 810 mariadb DOS Batch 700 mariadb Prolog 448 mariadb RobotFramework 441 mariadb CSS 393 mariadb JSON 359 mariadb dtrace 306 mariadb Windows Resource File 250 mariadb Assembly 237 mariadb WiX source 155 mariadb Visual Basic 88 mariadb YAML 65 mariadb PHP 24 mariadb SKILL 16 mariadb sed 16 mariadb Windows Message File 6 mariadb D 4 mariadb diff 4 perl Perl 536445 perl C 155648 perl C/C++ Header 147858 perl Bourne Shell 42668 perl Pascal 8592 perl XML 2410 perl YAML 2078 perl C++ 2033 perl make 1986 perl Prolog 1146 perl JSON 1037 perl yacc 998 perl Windows Message File 489 perl DOS Batch 389 perl Windows Resource File 85 perl D 8 perl Lisp 4 postgresql HTML 785991 postgresql C 736519 postgresql C/C++ Header 57014 postgresql SQL 51926 postgresql yacc 28491 postgresql Bourne Shell 17170 postgresql Perl 9456 postgresql lex 4285 postgresql make 4114 postgresql m4 1642 postgresql Windows Module Definition 1152 postgresql XSLT 294 postgresql DOS Batch 92 postgresql Assembly 69 postgresql CSS 69 postgresql D 66 postgresql Windows Resource File 62 postgresql Lisp 16 postgresql sed 15 postgresql Python 13 postgresql Bourne Again Shell 10 postgresql Windows Message File 5 python Python 434015 python C 375555 python C/C++ Header 66942 python Bourne Shell 45091 python MSBuild script 38910 python m4 15559 python Assembly 12298 python make 2953 python HTML 2344 python Windows Module Definition 2081 python Objective C 635 python Expect 565 python DOS Batch 506 python CSS 328 python Javascript 229 python Windows Resource File 207 python C++ 128 python vim script 106 python diff 105 python XML 74 python NAnt script 30 python Prolog 24 python Visual Basic 12 sqlite C 101454 sqlite C/C++ Header 1546
Third Generation Language Scale Factors ▲
cloc versions before 1.50 by default computed, for the provided inputs, a
rough estimate of how many lines of code would be needed to write the
same code in a hypothetical third-generation computer language.
To produce this output one must now use the --3
switch.
Scale factors were derived from the 2006 version of language gearing ratios listed at Mayes Consulting web site, http://softwareestimator.com/IndustryData2.htm, using this equation:
cloc scale factor for language X = 3rd generation default gearing ratio / language X gearing ratio
For example, cloc 3rd generation scale factor for DOS Batch = 80 / 128 = 0.625.
The biggest flaw with this approach is that gearing ratios are defined for logical lines of source code not physical lines (which cloc counts). The values in cloc's 'scale' and '3rd gen. equiv.' columns should be taken with a large grain of salt.
Limitations ▲
Identifying comments within source code is trickier than one might expect. Many languages would need a complete parser to be counted correctly. cloc does not attempt to parse any of the languages it aims to count and therefore is an imperfect tool. The following are known problems:
- Lines containing both source code and comments are counted as lines of code.
- Comment markers within strings or
here-documents
are treated as actual comment markers and not string literals.
For example the following lines of C code
printf(" /* "); for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) { a += i; } printf(" */ ");
look to cloc like this:printf(" xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx ");
where `xxxxxxx` represents cloc's view of commented text. Therefore cloc counts the five lines as two lines of C code and three lines of comments (lines with both code and comment are counted as code). - Embedded languages are not recognized. For example, an HTML file containing JavaScript will be counted entirely as HTML.
How to Request Support for Additional Languages ▲
If cloc does not recognize a language you are interested in counting, create a GitHub issue requesting support for your language. Include this information:
- File extensions associated with the language. If the language does not rely on file extensions and instead works with fixed file names or with `#!` style program invocations, explain what those are.
- A description of how comments are defined.
- Links to sample code.
Features Currently in Development ▲
Here, in no particular order and with no promise of future delivery, are features and capabilities currently in development:
- produce reStructuredText output with `--rst`
- count code (e.g. Javascript) embedded in HTML files
Pull requests for these features will receive extra consideration.
Acknowledgments ▲
Wolfram Rösler provided most of the code examples in the test suite. These examples come from his Hello World collection.
Ismet Kursunoglu found errors with the MUMPS counter and provided access to a computer with a large body of MUMPS code to test cloc.
Tod Huggins gave helpful suggestions for the Visual Basic filters.
Anton Demichev found a flaw with the JSP counter in cloc v0.76
and wrote the XML output generator for the --xml
option.
Reuben Thomas pointed out that ISO C99 allows //
as a comment
marker, provided code for the --no3
and --stdin-name
options, counting the m4 language,
and suggested several user-interface enhancements.
Michael Bello provided code for the --opt-match-f
,
--opt-not-match-f
,
--opt-match-d
, and --opt-not-match-d
options.
Mahboob Hussain inspired the --original-dir
and
--skip-uniqueness
options, found a
bug in the duplicate file detection logic and improved the JSP filter.
Randy Sharo found and fixed an uninitialized variable bug for shell scripts having only one line.
Steven Baker found and fixed a problem with the YAML output generator.
Greg Toth provided code to improve blank line detection in COBOL.
Joel Oliveira provided code to let --exclude-list-file
handle
directory name exclusion.
Blazej Kroll provided code to produce an XSLT file, cloc-diff.xsl
,
when producing XML output for the --diff
option.
Denis Silakov enhanced the code which generates cloc.xsl
when
using --by-file
and --by-file-by-lang
options, and
provided an XSL file that works with --diff
output.
Andy (awalshe@sf.net) provided code to fix several bugs:
correct output of --counted
so that only files that are used in the code count appear and
that results are shown by language rather than file name;
allow --diff
output from multiple runs to be summed
together with --sum-reports
.
Jari Aalto created the initial version of cloc.1.pod
and
maintains the Debian package for cloc.
Mikkel Christiansen (mikkels@gmail.com) provided counter definitions for Clojure and ClojureScript.
Vera Djuraskovic from Webhostinggeeks.com provided the Serbo-Croatian translation.
Gill Ajoft of Ajoft Softwares provided the Bulgarian translation.
The Knowledge Team provided the Slovakian translation.
Erik Gooven Arellano Casillas provided an update to the MXML counter to recognize Actionscript comments.
Gianluca Casati created the cloc CPAN package.
Mary Stefanova provided the Polish translation.
Ryan Lindeman implemented the --by-percent
feature.
Kent C. Dodds, @kentcdodds, created and maintains the npm package of cloc.
Viktoria Parnak provided the Ukrainian translation.
Natalie Harmann provided the Belarussian translation.
Nithyal at Healthcare Administration Portal provided the Tamil translation.
Patricia Motosan provided the Romanian translation.
The Garcinia Cambogia Review Team provided the Arabic translation.
Gajk Melikyan provided the provided the Armenian translation for http://studybay.com.
Hungarian translation courtesy of Zsolt Boros.
Sietse Snel implemented the parallel processing capability available with the --processes=N switch.
The development of cloc was partially funded by the Northrop Grumman Corporation.
Copyright ▲
Copyright (c) 2006-2018, Al Danial