dnsmichi/ssl_exporter

Exports Prometheus metrics for SSL certificates

SSL Certificate Exporter

The blackbox_exporter allows you to test the expiry date of a certificate as part of its HTTP(S) probe - which is great. It doesn't, however, tell you which certificate in the chain is nearing expiry or give you any other information that might be useful when sending alerts.

For instance, there's a definite value in knowing, upon first receiving an alert, if it's a certificate you manage directly or one further up the chain. It's also not always necessarily clear from the address you're polling what kind of certificate renewal you're looking at. Is it a Let's Encrypt, in which case it should be handled by automation? Or your organisation's wildcard? Maybe the domain is managed by a third-party and you need to submit a ticket to get it renewed.

Whatever it is, the SSL exporter gives you visibility over those dimensions at the point at which you receive an alert. It also allows you to produce more meaningful visualisations and consoles.

Table of Contents

• SSL Certificate Exporter
  • Building
  • Docker
  • Flags
  • Metrics
  • Prometheus
    • Configuration
    • Targets
      • Valid targets
      • Invalid targets
    • Example Queries
  • Client authentication
  • Proxying
  • Limitations
  • Acknowledgements

Created by gh-md-toc

Building

make
./ssl_exporter <flags>

Similarly to the blackbox_exporter, visiting http://localhost:9219/probe?target=example.com:443 will return certificate metrics for example.com. The ssl_tls_connect_success metric indicates if the probe has been successful.

Docker

docker pull ribbybibby/ssl-exporter
docker run -p 9219:9219 ssl-exporter:latest <flags>

Flags

./ssl_exporter --help

• --tls.insecure: Skip certificate verification (default false). This is insecure but does allow you to collect metrics in the case where a certificate has expired. That being said, I feel that it's more important to catch verification failures than it is to identify an expired certificate, especially as the former includes the latter.
• --tls.cacert: Provide the path to an alternative bundle of root CA certificates. By default the exporter will use the host's root CA set.
• --tls.client-auth: Enable client authentication (default false). When enabled the exporter will present the certificate and key configured by --tls.cert and tls.key to the other side of the connection.
• --tls.cert: The path to a local certificate for client authentication (default "cert.pem"). Only used when --tls.client-auth is toggled on.
• --tls.key: The path to a local key for client authentication (default "key.pem"). Only used when --tls.client-auth is toggled on.
• --web.listen-address: The port (default ":9219").
• --web.metrics-path: The path metrics are exposed under (default "/metrics")
• --web.probe-path: The path the probe endpoint is exposed under (default "/probe")

Metrics

Metrics are exported for each certificate in the chain individually. All of the metrics are labelled with the Issuer's Common Name and the Serial ID, which is pretty much a unique identifier.

I considered having a series for each ssl_cert_subject_alternative_* value but these labels aren't actually very cardinal, considering the most frequently they'll change is probably every three months, which is longer than most metric retention times anyway. Joining them within commas as I've done allows for easy parsing and relabelling.

Metric	Meaning	Labels
ssl_cert_not_after	The date after which the certificate expires. Expressed as a Unix Epoch Time.	issuer_cn, serial_no
ssl_cert_not_before	The date before which the certificate is not valid. Expressed as a Unix Epoch Time.	issuer_cn, serial_no
ssl_cert_subject_common_name	The common name of the certificate. Always has a value of 1	issuer_cn, serial_no, subject_cn
ssl_cert_subject_alternative_dnsnames	The subject alternative names (if any). Always has a value of 1	issuer_cn, serial_no, dnsnames
ssl_cert_subject_alternative_emails	The subject alternative email addresses (if any). Always has a value of 1	issuer_cn, serial_no, emails
ssl_cert_subject_alternative_ips	The subject alternative IP addresses (if any). Always has a value of 1	issuer_cn, serial_no, ips
ssl_cert_subject_organization_units	The subject organization names (if any). Always has a value of 1.	issuer_cn, serial_no, subject_ou
ssl_client_protocol	The protocol used by the exporter to connect to the target. Boolean.	protocol
ssl_tls_connect_success	Was the TLS connection successful? Boolean.

Prometheus

Configuration

Just like with the blackbox_exporter, you should pass the targets to a single instance of the exporter in a scrape config with a clever bit of relabelling. This allows you to leverage service discovery and keeps configuration centralised to your Prometheus config.

scrape_configs:
  - job_name: "ssl"
    metrics_path: /probe
    static_configs:
      - targets:
          - example.com:443
          - prometheus.io:443
    relabel_configs:
      - source_labels: [__address__]
        target_label: __param_target
      - source_labels: [__param_target]
        target_label: instance
      - target_label: __address__
        replacement: 127.0.0.1:9219 # SSL exporter.

Targets

The exporter uses the provided uri to decide which client (http or tcp) to use when connecting to the target. The uri must contain either a protocol scheme (https://), a port (:443), or both (https://example.com:443).

If the https:// scheme is provided then the exporter will use a http client to connect to the target. This allows you to take advatange of some features not available when using tcp, like host-based proxying. The exporter doesn't understand any other L7 protocols, so it will produce an error for others, like ldaps:// or ftps://.

If there's only a port, then a tcp client is used to make the TLS connection. This should allow you to connect to any TLS target, regardless of L7 protocol.

If neither are given, the exporter assumes a https connection on port 443 (the most common case).

Valid targets

• https://example.com
• https://example.com:443
• example.com:443
• example.com:636
• example.com

Invalid targets

• ldaps://example.com
• ldaps://example.com:636

Example Queries

Certificates that expire within 7 days, with Subject Common Name and Subject Alternative Names joined on:

((ssl_cert_not_after - time() < 86400 * 7) * on (instance,issuer_cn,serial_no) group_left (dnsnames) ssl_cert_subject_alternative_dnsnames) * on (instance,issuer_cn,serial_no) group_left (subject_cn) ssl_cert_subject_common_name

Only return wildcard certificates that are expiring:

((ssl_cert_not_after - time() < 86400 * 7) * on (instance,issuer_cn,serial_no) group_left (subject_cn) ssl_cert_subject_common_name{subject_cn=~"\\*.*"})

Number of certificates in the chain:

count(ssl_cert_subject_common_name) by (instance)

Identify instances that have failed to create a valid SSL connection:

ssl_tls_connect_success == 0

Client authentication

The exporter optionally supports client authentication, which can be toggled on by providing the --tls.client-auth flag. By default, it will use the host system's root CA bundle and attempt to use ./cert.pem and ./key.pem as the client certificate and key, respectively. You can override these defaults with --tls.cacert, --tls.cert and --tls.key.

If you do enable client authentication, keep in mind that the certificate will be passed to all targets, even those that don't necessarily require client authentication. I'm not sure what the implications of that are but I think you'd probably want to avoid passing a certificate to an unrelated server.

Also, if you want to scrape targets with different client certificate requirements, you'll need to run different instances of the exporter for each. This seemed like a better approach than overloading the exporter with the ability to pass different certificates per-target.

Proxying

The https client used by the exporter supports the use of proxy servers discovered by the environment variables HTTP_PROXY, HTTPS_PROXY and ALL_PROXY.

For instance:

$ export HTTPS_PROXY=localhost:8888
$ ./ssl_exporter

In order to use the https client, targets must be provided to the exporter with the protocol in the uri (https://<host>:<optional port>).

Limitations

I've only exported a subset of the information you could extract from a certificate. It would be simple to add more, for instance organisational information, if there's a need.

Acknowledgements

The overall structure and implementation of this exporter is based on the consul_exporter. The probing functionality borrows from the blackbox_exporter.