prefolds

A quick taste

With Control.Foldl you can write

fold ((/) <$> sum <*> genericLength) [1..10^6]

and it'll stream.

With prefolds you can write

exec ((/) <$> take (10^6) sum <&> take (10^6) genericLength) [1..]

and it'll stream too.

With Control.Foldl fold null [1..10^6] will traverse the entire list. With prefolds the following holds: exec null (1:undefined) ≡ False. As well as exec (take 0 undefined) ≡ []. And folds are monadic, e.g. exec (take 2 sum >>= \n -> take n list) [1..6] ≡ [3..5].

Overview

There are multiple ways to compose folds:

f <+> g reads as "consume a stream by f and g in parallel, stop when both folds are saturated and apply the result of f to the result of g".
f <&> g reads as "consume a stream by f and g in parallel, stop when either fold is saturated and apply the result of f to the result of g". That's what Control.Foldl has.
f <*> g reads as "consume a stream by f, then, when f is saturated, consume the rest of the stream by g and apply the result of f to the result of g".
f >>= h reads as "consume a stream by f, then, when f is saturated, pass the result to h and consume the rest of the stream by the resulting fold.
scan f g reads as "scan a stream with f, then consume the resulting stream by g".
groupBy p f g reads as "groupBy elements of a stream by p, fold substreams by f, then fold the resulting stream by g".
inits f g reads as "fold "inits" of a stream by f, then fold the resulting stream by g".
chunks f g reads as "fold a stream with f, then, when f is saturated, fold the rest of the stream with f, then, when f is saturated... and then fold the resulting stream with g".

Here is an extended example:

-- Prints
-- 2
-- 4
-- 6
-- [120,12]
-- [7,8,9,10]
-- 11
example :: IO ()
example = execM (final <$> sink1 <+> sink2 <*> sink3 <&>> total) [1..] where
  final x y zs n = print [x,y] >> print zs >> print n
  sink1 = take 4 $ map succ product                     -- 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 = 120
  sink2 = take 6 . filter even $ traverse_ print &> sum -- 2 + 4 + 6 = 12
  sink3 = takeWhile (<= 10) list                        -- [7,8,9,10]
  total = length -- total number of processed elements is 11, since
                 -- `takeWhile (<= 10)` forced `11` before it stopped.

Here we compose four streaming folds. (<+>) and others have the same associativity and fixity as (<$>), so the fold is parsed as

((((final <$> sink1) <+> sink2) <*> sink3) <&>> total)

This reads as follows:

Consume a stream in parallel by sink1 and sink2 and stop when both are saturated.
Consume the rest of the stream by sink3
While performing 1. and 2. also consume the stream by total and stop when either 1. and 2. is stopped or total is saturated (which can't happen, since an attempt to find the length of an infinite list diverges).
Collect results and pass them to final.

Internals

Fold is defined almost as the one in Control.Foldl:

data Fold a m b = forall acc. Fold (acc -> m b) (acc -> a -> DriveT m acc) (DriveT m acc)

except that we have this DriveT transformer which turns a Monad into a "MonoMonad".

data Drive a = Stop !a | More !a
newtype DriveT m a = DriveT { getDriveT :: m (Drive a) }

If an accumulator is in the Stop state, then the fold is saturated. If an accumulator is in the More state, then the fold can consume more input. Drive (and DriveT m for Monad m) is an Applicative in two ways:

instance SumApplicative Drive where
  spure = Stop

  Stop f <+> Stop x = Stop $ f x
  f      <+> x      = More $ runDrive f (runDrive x)

instance AndApplicative Drive where
  apure = More

  More f <&> More x = More $ f x
  f      <&> x      = Stop $ runDrive f (runDrive x)

SumApplicative and AndApplicative have the same methods and laws as Applicative except methods are named differently. There are corresponding SumMonad and AndMonad instances, but they don't allow to terminate execution early (like with Either), because, well, how would you define Stop x >>= f = Stop x if f :: a -> m b and you're supposed to return a m b, but Stop x :: m a? So there is another type class:

-- The usual monad laws.
class Functor m => MonoMonad m where
  mpure :: a -> m a
  (>>#) :: m a -> (a -> m a) -> m a

  (>#>) :: (a -> m a) -> (a -> m a) -> a -> m a
  f >#> g = \x -> f x >># g

With this we can define

instance MonoMonad Drive where
  Stop x >># f = Stop x
  More x >># f = f x

Drive and DriveT m are also Comonads:

instance Comonad Drive where
  extract = runDrive
  
  extend f = drive (Stop . f . Stop) (More . f . More)

instance Monad m => Comonad (DriveT m) where
  extract  = error "there is no `extract` for `DriveT m` unless `m` is a comonad, \
                   \ but this is not needed for `extend`, which is more important than `extract`"

  extend f = ...

The last instance is used a lot across the code.

There are also some MonadTrans-like type classes:

-- Transforms a Monad into a  SumApplicative.
class SumApplicativeTrans t where
  slift :: Monad m => m a -> t m a

-- Transforms a Monad into an AndApplicative.
class AndApplicativeTrans t where
  mlift :: Monad m => m a -> t m a

Instances of these type classes:

instance SumApplicativeTrans  DriveT where
  slift a = DriveT $ Stop <$> a

instance AndApplicativeTrans DriveT where
  mlift a = DriveT $ More <$> a

Here are some suggestive synonyms:

halt :: SumApplicative f => a -> f a
halt = spure

more :: MonoMonad m => a -> m a
more = mpure

haltWhen :: (SumApplicative m, MonoMonad m) => (a -> Bool) -> a -> m a
haltWhen p x = if p x then halt x else more x

moreWhen :: (SumApplicative m, MonoMonad m) => (a -> Bool) -> a -> m a
moreWhen p x = if p x then more x else halt x

stop :: (SumApplicativeTrans t, Monad m) => m a -> t m a
stop = slift

keep :: (AndApplicativeTrans t, Monad m) => m a -> t m a
keep = alift

terminate :: (SumApplicative m, MonoMonad m) => m a -> m a
terminate a = a >># halt

terminateWhen :: (SumApplicative m, MonoMonad m) => (a -> Bool) -> m a -> m a
terminateWhen p a = a >># \x -> if p x then halt x else more x

Fold a m is a Monad, a SumApplicative and an AndApplicative (as you've seen in the example above) and Fold a is a SumApplicativeTrans and an AndApplicativeTrans.

Kleisli functors

As to that (<&>>)... have you ever wanted to apply f :: a -> b -> m c to a :: m a and b :: m b in applicative style and get m c? You can do join $ f <$> a <*> b, but this is kinda verbose. So we can define a special purpose combinator

(<*>>) :: Monad m => m (a -> m b) -> m a -> m c
f <*>> a = f >>= (a >>=)

But there is a nice abstract structure behind this combinator that gives us such combinators for all our Applicative-like classes, namely the one of Kleisli Functors:

class (Monad m, Functor f) => KleisliFunctor m f where
  kmap :: (a -> m b) -> f a -> f b
  kmap = kjoin .* fmap

  kjoin :: f (m a) -> f a
  kjoin = kmap id

(<$>>) :: KleisliFunctor m f => (a -> m b) -> f a -> f b
(<$>>) = kmap

(<*>>) :: (KleisliFunctor m f, Applicative f) => f (a -> m b) -> f a -> f b
h <*>> a = kjoin $ h <*> a

(<+>>) :: (KleisliFunctor m f, SumApplicative f) => f (a -> m b) -> f a -> f b
h <+>> a = kjoin $ h <+> a

(<&>>) :: (KleisliFunctor m f, AndApplicative f) => f (a -> m b) -> f a -> f b
h <&>> a = kjoin $ h <&> a

instance Monad m => KleisliFunctor m m where
  kmap = (=<<)

And this instance

instance Monad m => KleisliFunctor m (Fold a m) where
  kmap h (Fold g f a) = Fold (g >=> h) f a

allows to use (<&>>) the way it's used above.

effectfully/prefolds

prefolds

A quick taste

Overview

Internals

Kleisli functors