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A program to aggregate modified base counts stored in a modified-base BAM (Section 2.1) file to a bedMethyl file.
A Python module is also available to obtain modified base information from BAM files in a convenient form. It is envisaged that this will eventually be replaced by an implementation in pysam.
The program is available from our conda channel, so can be installed with:
mamba create -n modbam2bed -c bioconda -c conda-forge -c epi2melabs modbam2bed
Packages are available for both Linux and MacOS.
Alternatively to install from the source code, clone the repository and then use make:
git clone --recursive https://github.com/epi2me-labs/modbam2bed.git
make modbam2bed
./modbam2bed
See the Makefile for more information. The code has been tested on MacOS (with dependencies from brew) and on Ubuntu 18.04 and 20.04.
The code requires aligned reads with the Mm and Ml tags (MM and ML also supported),
and the reference sequence used for alignment.
The below is a snapshot of the command-line interface; it may not be up-to-date, please
refer to the program --help option for the most accurate guidance.
Usage: modbam2bed [OPTION...] <reference.fasta> <reads.bam> [<reads.bam> ...]
modbam2bed -- summarise one or more BAM with modified base tags to bedMethyl.
General options:
--aggregate Output additional aggregated (across strand)
counts, requires --cpg or --chg.
--combine Create output with combined modified counts: i.e.
alternative modified bases within the same family
(same canonical base) are included.
-c, --pileup Output (full) raw base counts rather than BED
file.
-e, --extended Output extended bedMethyl including counts of
canonical, modified, and filtered bases (in that
order).
-m, --mod_base=BASE Modified base of interest, one of: 5mC, 5hmC, 5fC,
5caC, 5hmU, 5fU, 5caU, 6mA, 5oxoG, Xao. (Or modA,
modC, modG, modT, modU, modN for generic modified
base).
-p, --prefix=PREFIX Output file prefix. Only used when multiple output
filters are given.
-r, --region=chr:start-end Genomic region to process.
-t, --threads=THREADS Number of threads for BAM processing.
Base filtering options:
-a, --canon_threshold=THRESHOLD
Deprecated. The option will be removed in a future
version. Please use --threshold.
-b, --mod_threshold=THRESHOLD Deprecated. The option will be removed in a
future version. Please use --threshold.
--chg Output records filtered to CHG sites.
--chh Output records filtered to CHH sites.
--cpg Output records filtered to CpG sites.
-f, --threshold=THRESHOLD Bases with a call probability < THRESHOLD are
filtered from results (default 0.66).
-k, --mask Respect soft-masking in reference file.
Read filtering options:
-d, --max_depth=DEPTH Max. per-file depth; avoids excessive memory
usage.
-g, --read_group=RG Only process reads from given read group.
--haplotype=VAL Only process reads from a given haplotype.
Equivalent to --tag_name HP --tag_value VAL.
--tag_name=TN Only process reads with a given tag (see
--tag_value).
--tag_value=VAL Only process reads with a given tag value.
-?, --help Give this help list
--usage Give a short usage message
-V, --version Print program version
Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
for any corresponding short options.
Oxford Nanopore Technogies' sequencing chemistries and basecallers can detect any number of modified bases. Compared to traditional methods which force a false dichoctomy between say cytosine and 5-methylcytosine, this rich biology needs to be remembered when interpreting modified base calls.
The htslib pileup API is used to create a matrix of per-strand base counts
including substitutions, modified bases and deletions. Inserted bases are not
counted. Bases of an abiguous nature (refered to as "filtered" below), as
defined by the filter threshold probabilities option -b are masked and used
(along with substitutions and deletions) in the definition of the "score"
(column 5) and "coverage" (column 10) entries of the bedMethyl file.
In the case of ?-style MM subtags, where a lack of a recorded call should
not be taken as implying a canonical-base call, the "no call" count is incremented.
The "no call" count is used in the calculation of "coverage" and also the denominator
of "score".
In summary, a base is determined as being either "canonical", "modified", "filtered", or "no call". The final output includes a modification frequency and score and coverage information in order to assess the reliability of the frequency.
Call filtering
To determine the base present at a locus in a read, the query base in the
BAM record is examined along with the modified base information. A "canonical"
base probability is calculated as 1 - sum(P_mod), with P_mod being
the set of probabilities associated with all the modifications enumerated
in the BAM record. The base form with largest probability is taken as the
base present subject to the user-specified threshold. If the probability
is below the threshold the call is masked and contributes to the "filtered"
base count rather than the "canonical" or "modified" counts.
Special Handling of alternative modified bases (--combine option)
To intepret the case of multiple modifications being listed in
the BAM, modbam2bed can operate in two modes:
- default: alternative modified bases in the same family as the requested modification are counted separatedly as "other" --- neither in the "canonical" count of the "modified" count.
--combine: alternative modified bases are lumped together into the "modified" count and ultimately into a single modification frequency.
A particular case where --combine is useful is when comparing to the result of bisulfite sequencing.
Output format
The description of the bedMethyl format on the ENCODE project website is rather loose. The definitions below are chosen pragmatically.
The table below describes precisely the entries in each column of the output BED file. Columns seven to nine inclusive are included for compatibility with the BED file specification, the values written are fixed and no meaning should be derived from them. Columns 5, 10, and 11 are defined in terms of counts of observed bases to agree with reasonable interpretations of the bedMethyl specifications:
- Ncanon - canonical (unmodified) base count, (contigent on the use of
--combine, see above.) - Nmod - modified base count.
- Nfilt - count of bases where read does not contain a substitution or deletion with respect to the reference, but the modification status is ambiguous: these bases were filtered from the calculation of the modification frequency.
- Nsub - count of reads with a substitution with respect to the reference.
- Ndel - count of reads with a deletion with respect to the reference.
- Nno call - counts of reads with an absent modification call (but not a substitution or deletion).
- Nalt mod - counts of reads with and alternative modification call (but not a substitution or deletion).
Since these interpretations may differ from other tools an extended output is
available (enabled with the -e option) which includes three additional columns
with verbatim base counts.
| column | description |
|---|---|
| 1 | reference sequence name |
| 2 | 0-based start position |
| 3 | 0-based exclusive end position (invariably start + 1) |
| 4 | Abbreviated name of modified-base examined |
| 5 | "Score" 1000 * (Nmod + Ncanon) / (Nmod + Ncanon + Nno call + Nalt mod + Nfilt + Nsub + Ndel). The quantity reflects the extent to which the calculated modification frequency in Column 11 is confounded by the alternative calls. The denominator here is the total read coverage as given in Column 10. |
| 6 | Strand (of reference sequence). Forward "+", or reverse "-". |
| 7-9 | Ignore, included simply for compatibility. |
| 10 | Read coverage at reference position including all canonical, modified, undecided (no calls and filtered), substitutions from reference, and deletions. Nmod + Ncanon + Nno call + Nalt mod + Nfilt + Nsub + Ndel |
| 11 | Percentage of modified bases, as a proportion of canonical and modified (excluding no calls, filtered, substitutions, and deletions). 100 * Nmod / (Nmod + Nalt mod + Ncanon) |
| 12* | Ncanon |
| 13* | Nmod |
| 14* | Nfilt those bases with a modification probability falling between given thresholds. |
| 15* | Nno call those bases for which the query base was the correct canonical base for the modified base being considered, but no call was made (see the definition of the . and ? flags in the SAM tag specification). |
| 16* | Nalt mod those bases for which the query base was the correct canonical base for the modified base being considered, but and alternative modification was present. |
* Included in extended output only.
The code has not been developed extensively and currently has some limitations:
- Support for motif filtering is limited to CpG, CHG, and CHH, sites. Without this filtering enabled all reference positions that are the canonical base (on forward or reverse strand) equivalent to the modified base under consideration are reported.
- Insertion columns are completely ignored for simplicitly (and avoid any heuristics).
- Second strand
MMsubtags (i.e.MM:C-mas compared withMM:C+m) are not supported. These are not typically used so shouldn't affect most users. If such a tag is detected and warning will be thrown and the tag ignored. These tags do come in to play for duplex basecalls.
A Python package is available on PyPI which contains basic functionality for parsing BAM files with modified-base information. It is envisaged that this will eventually be replaced by an implementation in pysam. As such the interface is supplements but does not integrate or replace pysam.
The package can be installed with:
pip install modbampy
The package contains simply to modes of use. Firstly an interface to iterate over reads in a BAM file and report modification sites:
from modbampy import ModBam
with ModBam(args.bam) as bam:
for read in bam.reads(args.chrom, args.start, args.end):
for pos_mod in read.mod_sites:
print(*pos_mod)
Each line of the above reports the
- read_id,
- reference position,
- query (read) position,
- reference strand (+ or -),
- modification strand (0 or 1, as defined in the HTSlib tag specification. This is invariable 0),
- canonical base associated with modification,
- modified base,
- modified-base score (scaled to 0-255).
A second method is provided which mimics the couting procedure implemented in
modbam2bed:
from modbampy import ModBam
with ModBam(args.bam) as bam:
positions, counts = bam.pileup(
args.chrom, args.start, args.end
low_threshold=0.33, high_threshold=0.66, mod_base="m")
The result is two numpy arrays. The first indicates the reference
positions associated with the counts in the second array. Each row of the second array
(counts above) enumerates the observed counts of bases in the order:
a c g t A C G T d D m M f F n N
where uppercase letters refer to bases on the forward strand, lowercase letters relate to the reverse strand:
- A, C, G, T are the usual DNA bases,
- D indicates deletion counts,
- M modified base counts,
- F filtered counts - bases in reads with a modified-base record but which were filtered according to the thresholds provided.
- N no call base counts.
Extras
The read iterator API also contains a minimal set of functionality mirroring properties of alignments available from pysam. See the code for further details.
We thank jkbonfield for developing the modified base functionality into the htslib pileup API, and Jared Simpson for testing and comparison to his independently developed code.
Licence and Copyright
© 2021- Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd.
modbam2bed is distributed under the terms of the Mozilla Public License 2.0.
Research Release
Research releases are provided as technology demonstrators to provide early access to features or stimulate Community development of tools. Support for this software will be minimal and is only provided directly by the developers. Feature requests, improvements, and discussions are welcome and can be implemented by forking and pull requests. However much as we would like to rectify every issue and piece of feedback users may have, the developers may have limited resource for support of this software. Research releases may be unstable and subject to rapid iteration by Oxford Nanopore Technologies.