/k6

A modern load testing tool, using Go and JavaScript - https://k6.io

Primary LanguageGoGNU Affero General Public License v3.0AGPL-3.0

k6

Like unit testing, for performance

A modern load testing tool for developers and testers in the DevOps era.

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k6 is a modern load testing tool, building on our years of experience in the load and performance testing industry. It provides a clean, approachable scripting API, local and cloud execution, and flexible configuration.

This is how load testing should look in the 21st century.

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Features

There's even more! See all features available in k6.

Install

Mac

Install with Homebrew by running:

brew install k6

Windows

If you use the Chocolatey package manager you can install the unofficial k6 package with:

choco install k6

Otherwise, you can manually download and install the latest official .msi package.

Linux

For Debian-based Linux distributions like Ubuntu, you can install k6 from the private deb repo like this:

sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 --recv-keys C5AD17C747E3415A3642D57D77C6C491D6AC1D69
echo "deb https://dl.k6.io/deb stable main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/k6.list
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install k6

If you have issues adding the key from the keyserver, you can instead run:

curl -s https://dl.k6.io/key.gpg | sudo apt-key add -

Then confirm that the key with the above ID is shown in the output of sudo apt-key list.

And for rpm-based ones like Fedora and CentOS:

sudo dnf install https://dl.k6.io/rpm/repo.rpm    # use yum instead of dnf for older distros
sudo dnf install k6    # use yum install --nogpgcheck k6 for older distros (e.g. CentOS 7, Amazon Linux 2) without PGP V4 signature support

Note that the gnupg2 package is required for signature verification.

Docker

docker pull grafana/k6

Pre-built binaries & other platforms

In case there isn't an official package for your operating system or architecture, or if you don't want to install a custom repository, you can easily grab a pre-built binary from the GitHub Releases page. Once you download and unpack the release, you can optionally copy the k6 binary it contains somewhere in your PATH, so you are able to run k6 from any location on your system.

Build from source

k6 is written in Go, so it's just a single statically-linked executable and very easy to build and distribute. To build from source you need Go (1.17 or newer). Follow these instructions:

  • Run go install go.k6.io/k6@latest which will build a k6 binary and put it in the $GOBIN folder (which defaults to $GOPATH/bin).
  • Make sure you have $GOPATH/bin in your PATH (or copy the k6 binary somewhere in your PATH), so you are able to run k6 from any location.
  • Tada, you can now run k6 using k6 run script.js

Running k6

k6 works with the concept of virtual users (VUs) that execute scripts - they're essentially glorified, parallel while(true) loops. Scripts are written using JavaScript as ES6 modules, which allows you to break larger tests into smaller and more reusable pieces, making it easy to scale tests across an organization.

Scripts must contain, at the very least, an exported default function - this defines the entry point for your VUs, similar to the main() function in many languages. Let's create a very simple script that makes an HTTP GET request to a test website:

import http from "k6/http";

export default function() {
    let response = http.get("https://test-api.k6.io");
};

The script details and how we can extend and configure it will be explained below, but for now, simply save the above snippet as a script.js file somewhere on your system. Assuming that you've installed k6 correctly, on Linux and Mac, you can run the saved script by executing k6 run script.js from the same folder. For Windows, the command is almost the same - k6.exe run script.js.

If you decide to use the k6 docker image, the command will be slightly different. Instead of passing the script filename to k6, a dash is used to instruct k6 to read the script contents directly via the standard input. This allows us to avoid messing with docker volumes for such a simple single-file script, greatly simplifying the docker command: docker run -i grafana/k6 run - <script.js.

In some situations, it may also be useful to execute remote scripts. You can do that with HTTPS URLs in k6 by importing them in the script via their URL or simply specifying their URL in the CLI command: k6 run github.com/grafana/k6/samples/http_2.js (k6 "knows" a bit about GitHub and cdnjs URLs, so this command is shorthand for k6 run raw.githubusercontent.com/grafana/k6/master/samples/http_2.js)

For more information on how to get started running k6, please look at the Running k6 documentation page. If you want to know more about making and measuring HTTP requests with k6, take a look here and here. And for information about the commercial k6 services like distributed cloud execution (the k6 cloud command) or Cloud Results (k6 run -o cloud), you can visit k6.io or view the cloud documentation.

Overview

In this section, we'll briefly explore some basic concepts and principles of how k6 works. If you want to learn more in-depth about the k6 scripting API, results output, and features, you can visit the complete k6 documentation website at k6.io/docs.

Init and VU stages

Earlier, in the Running k6 section, we mentioned that scripts must contain a default function. "Why not just run my script normally, from top to bottom", you might ask - the answer is: we do, but code inside and outside your default function can do different things.

Each virtual user (VU) executes your script in a completely separate JavaScript runtime, parallel to all the other running VUs. Code inside the default function is called VU code and is run over and over for as long as the test is running. Code outside the default function is called init code and is run only once per VU when that VU is initialized.

VU code can make HTTP and WebSocket requests, emit metrics, and generally do everything you'd expect a load test to do. With a few important exceptions - you can't load anything from your local filesystem or import any other modules. This all has to be done from the init code.

There are two reasons for this. The first is, of course, performance. If you read a file from disk on every single script iteration, it'd be needlessly slow. Even if you cache the contents of the file and any imported modules, it'd mean the first run of the script would be much slower than all the others. Worse yet, if you have a script that imports or loads things based on things that can only be known at runtime, you'd get slow iterations thrown in every time you load something new. That's also the reason why we initialize all needed VUs before any of them starts the actual load test by executing the default function.

But there's another, more interesting reason. By forcing all imports and file reads into the init context, we design for distributed execution. We know which files will be needed, so we distribute only those files to each node in the cluster. We know which modules will be imported, so we can bundle them up in an archive from the get-go. And, tying into the performance point above, the other nodes don't even need writable file systems - everything can be kept in memory.

This means that if your script works when it's executed with k6 run locally, it should also work without any modifications in a distributed execution environment like k6 cloud (that executes it in the commercial k6 cloud infrastructure) or, in the future, with the planned k6 native cluster execution mode.

Script execution

For simplicity, unlike many other JavaScript runtimes, a lot of the operations in k6 are synchronous. That means that, for example, the let response = http.get("https://test-api.k6.io/") call from the Running k6 example script will block the VU execution until the HTTP request is completed, save the response information in the response variable and only then continue executing the rest of the script - no callbacks and promises needed.

This simplification works because k6 isn't just a single JavaScript runtime. Instead, each VU independently executes the supplied script in its own separate and semi-isolated JavaScript runtime, in parallel to all the other running VUs. This allows us to fully utilize modern multi-core hardware while at the same time lowering the script complexity by having mostly synchronous functions. Where it makes sense, we also have in-VU parallelization as well, for example, the http.batch() function (which allows a single VU to make multiple simultaneous HTTP requests like a browser/real user would) or the websocket support.

As an added bonus, there's an actual sleep() function! And you can also use the VU separation to reuse data between iterations (i.e. executions of the default function) in the same VU:

var vuLocalCounter = 0;
export default function() {
    vuLocalCounter++;
}

Script options and execution control

So we've mentioned VUs and iterations, but how are those things controlled?

By default, if nothing is specified, k6 runs a script with only 1 VU and for 1 iteration only. Useful for debugging, but usually not very useful when doing load testing. For actual script execution in a load test, k6 offers a lot of flexibility - there are a few different configuration mechanisms you can use to specify script options, and several options to control the number of VUs and how long your script will be executed, among other things.

Let's say that you want to specify the number of VUs in your script. In order of precedence, you can use any of the following configuration mechanisms to do it:

  1. Command-line flags: k6 run --vus 10 script.js, or via the short -u flag syntax if we want to save 3 keystrokes (k6 run -u 10 script.js).

  2. Environment variables: setting K6_VUS=20 before you run the script with k6. Especially useful when using the docker k6 image and when running in containerized environments like Kubernetes.

  3. Your script can export an options object that k6 reads and uses to set any options you want; for example, setting VUs would look like this:

    export let options = {
    vus: 30,
};
export default function() { /* ... do whatever ... */ }

    This functionality is very useful, because here you have access to key-value environment variables that k6 exposes to the script via the global __ENV object, so you can use the full power of JavaScript to do things like:

    if (__ENV.script_scenario == "staging") {
    export let options = { /* first set of options */ };
} else {
    export let options = { /* second set of options */ };
}

    Or any variation of the above, like importing different config files, etc. Also, having most of the script configuration right next to the script code makes k6 scripts very easily version-controllable.

  4. A global JSON config. By default, k6 looks for it in the config home folder of the current user (OS-dependent, for Linux/BSDs k6 will look for config.json inside of ${HOME}/.config/loadimpact/k6), though that can be modified with the --config/-c CLI flag. It uses the same option keys as the exported options from the script file, so we can set the VUs by having config.json contain { "vus": 1 }. Although it rarely makes sense to set the number of VUs there, the global config file is much more useful for storing things like login credentials for the different outputs, as used by the k6 login subcommand...

Configuration mechanisms do have an order of precedence. As presented, options at the top of the list can override configuration mechanisms that are specified lower in the list. If we used all the above examples for setting the number of VUs, we would end up with 10 VUs, since the CLI flags have the highest priority. Also, please note that not all the available options are configurable via all different mechanisms - some options may be impractical to specify via simple strings (so no CLI/environment variables), while other rarely-used ones may be intentionally excluded from the CLI flags to avoid clutter - refer to options docs for more information.

As shown above, there are several ways to configure the number of simultaneous virtual users k6 will launch. There are also different ways to specify how long those virtual users will be running. For simple tests you can:

  • Set the test duration by the --duration/-d CLI flag (or the K6_DURATION environment variable and the duration script/JSON option). For ease of use, duration is specified with human-readable values like 1h30m10s - k6 run --duration 30s script.js, k6 cloud -d 15m10s script.js, export K6_DURATION=1h, etc. If set to 0, k6 wouldn't stop executing the script unless the user manually stops it.
  • Set the total number of script iterations with the --iterations/-i CLI flag (or the K6_ITERATIONS environment variable and the iterations script/JSON option). k6 will stop executing the script whenever the total number of iterations (i.e. the number of iterations across all VUs) reaches the specified number. So if you have k6 run --iterations 10 --vus 10 script.js, then each VU would make only a single iteration.

For more complex cases, you can specify execution stages. They are a combination of duration,target-VUs pairs. These pairs instruct k6 to linearly ramp up, ramp down, or stay at the number of VUs specified for the period specified. Execution stages can be set via the stages script/JSON option as an array of { duration: ..., target: ... } pairs, or with the --stage/-s CLI flags and the K6_STAGES environment variable via the duration:target,duration:target... syntax.

For example, the following options would have k6 linearly ramping up from 5 to 10 VUs over the period of 3 minutes (k6 starts with vus number of VUs, or 1 by default), then staying flat at 10 VUs for 5 minutes, then ramping up from 10 to 35 VUs over the next 10 minutes before finally ramping down to 0 VUs for another 90 seconds.

export let options = {
    vus: 5,
    stages: [
        { duration: "3m", target: 10 },
        { duration: "5m", target: 10 },
        { duration: "10m", target: 35 },
        { duration: "1m30s", target: 0 },
    ]
};

Alternatively, you can use the CLI flags --vus 5 --stage 3m:10,5m:10,10m:35,1m30s:0 or set the environment variables K6_VUS=5 K6_STAGES="3m:10,5m:10,10m:35,1m30s:0" to achieve the same results.

For a complete list of supported k6 options, refer to the documentation at k6.io/docs/using-k6/options.

Hint: besides accessing the supplied environment variables through the __ENV global object briefly mentioned above, you can also use the execution context variables __VU and __ITER to access the current VU number and the number of the current iteration for that VU. These variables can be very useful if you want VUs to execute different scripts/scenarios or to aid in generating different data per VU. http.post("https://some.example.website/signup", {username: `testuser${__VU}@testsite.com`, /* ... */})

For even more complex scenarios, you can use the k6 REST API and the k6 status, k6 scale, k6 pause, k6 resume CLI commands to manually control a running k6 test. For cloud-based tests, executed on our managed infrastructure via the k6 cloud command, you can also specify the VU distribution percentages for different load zones when executing load tests, giving you scalable and geographically-distributed test execution.

Setup and teardown

Beyond the init code and the required VU stage (i.e. the default function), which is code run for each VU, k6 also supports test-wide setup and teardown stages, like many other testing frameworks and tools. The setup and teardown functions, like the default function, need to be exported. But unlike the default function, setup and teardown are only called once for a test - setup() is called at the beginning of the test, after the init stage but before the VU stage (default function), and teardown() is called at the end of a test, after the last VU iteration (default function) has finished executing. This is also supported in the distributed cloud execution mode via k6 cloud.

export function setup() {
    return {v: 1};
}

export default function(data) {
    console.log(JSON.stringify(data));
}

export function teardown(data) {
    if (data.v != 1) {
        throw new Error("incorrect data: " + JSON.stringify(data));
    }
}

A copy of whatever data setup() returns will be passed as the first argument to each iteration of the default function and to teardown() at the end of the test. For more information and examples, refer to the k6 docs here.

Metrics, tags, and groups

By default k6 measures and collects a lot of metrics about the things your scripts do - the duration of different script iterations, how much data was sent and received, how many HTTP requests were made, the duration of those HTTP requests, and even how long did the TLS handshake of a particular HTTPS request take. To see a summary of these built-in metrics in the output, you can run a simple k6 test, e.g. k6 run github.com/grafana/k6/samples/http_get.js. More information about the different built-in metrics collected by k6 (and how some of them can be accessed from inside the scripts) is available in the docs here.

k6 also allows the creation of user-defined Counter, Gauge, Rate, and Trend metrics. They can be used to more precisely track and measure a custom subset of the things that k6 measures by default, or anything else the user wants, for example tracking non-timing information that is returned from the remote system. You can find more information about them here and a description of their APIs here.

Every measurement metric in k6 comes with a set of key-value tags attached. Some of them are automatically added by k6 - for example, a particular http_req_duration metric may have the method=GET, status=200, url=https://loadimpact.com, etc. system tags attached to it. Others can be added by users - globally for a test run via the tags option, or individually as a parameter in a specific HTTP request, WebSocket connection, userMetric.Add() call, etc.

These tags don't show in the simple summary at the end of a k6 test (unless you reference them in a threshold), but they are invaluable for filtering and investigating k6 test results if you use any of the outputs mentioned below. k6 also supports simple hierarchical groups for easier code and result organization. You can find more information about groups and system and user-defined tags here.

Checks and thresholds

Checks and thresholds are some of the k6 features that make it very easy to use load tests like unit and functional tests and integrate them in a CI (continuous integration) workflow.

Checks are similar to asserts but differ in that they don't halt execution. Instead, they just store the result of the check, pass or fail, and let the script execution continue. Checks are great for codifying assertions relating to HTTP requests/responses. For example, making sure an HTTP response code is 2xx.

Thresholds are global pass/fail criteria that can be used to verify if any result metric is within a specified range. They can also reference a subset of values in a given metric, based on the used metric tags. Thresholds are specified in the options section of a k6 script. If they are exceeded during a test run, k6 would exit with a nonzero code on test completion, and can also optionally abort the test early. This makes thresholds ideally suited as checks in a CI workflow!

import http from "k6/http";
import { check, group, sleep } from "k6";
import { Rate } from "k6/metrics";

// A custom metric to track failure rates
var failureRate = new Rate("check_failure_rate");

// Options
export let options = {
    stages: [
        // Linearly ramp up from 1 to 50 VUs during first minute
        { target: 50, duration: "1m" },
        // Hold at 50 VUs for the next 3 minutes and 30 seconds
        { target: 50, duration: "3m30s" },
        // Linearly ramp down from 50 to 0 VUs over the last 30 seconds
        { target: 0, duration: "30s" }
        // Total execution time will be ~5 minutes
    ],
    thresholds: {
        // We want the 95th percentile of all HTTP request durations to be less than 500ms
        "http_req_duration": ["p(95)<500"],
        // Requests with the staticAsset tag should finish even faster
        "http_req_duration{staticAsset:yes}": ["p(99)<250"],
        // Thresholds based on the custom metric we defined and use to track application failures
        "check_failure_rate": [
            // Global failure rate should be less than 1%
            "rate<0.01",
            // Abort the test early if it climbs over 5%
            { threshold: "rate<=0.05", abortOnFail: true },
        ],
    },
};

// Main function
export default function () {
    let response = http.get("https://test.k6.io/");

    // check() returns false if any of the specified conditions fail
    let checkRes = check(response, {
        "http2 is used": (r) => r.proto === "HTTP/2.0",
        "status is 200": (r) => r.status === 200,
        "content is present": (r) => r.body.indexOf("Collection of simple web-pages suitable for load testing.") !== -1,
    });

    // We reverse the check() result since we want to count the failures
    failureRate.add(!checkRes);

    // Load static assets, all requests
    group("Static Assets", function () {
        // Execute multiple requests in parallel like a browser, to fetch some static resources
        let resps = http.batch([
            ["GET", "https://test.k6.io/static/css/site.css", null, { tags: { staticAsset: "yes" } }],
            ["GET", "https://test.k6.io/static/favicon.ico", null, { tags: { staticAsset: "yes" } }],
            ["GET", "https://test.k6.io/static/js/prisms.js", null, { tags: { staticAsset: "yes" } }],
        ]);
        // Combine check() call with failure tracking
        failureRate.add(!check(resps, {
            "status is 200": (r) => r[0].status === 200 && r[1].status === 200,
            "reused connection": (r) => r[0].timings.connecting == 0,
        }));
    });

    sleep(Math.random() * 3 + 2); // Random sleep between 2s and 5s
}

You can save the above example as a local file and run it, or you can also run it directly from the github copy of the file with the k6 run github.com/grafana/k6/samples/thresholds_readme_example.js command. You can find (and contribute!) more k6 script examples here: https://github.com/grafana/k6/tree/master/samples

Outputs

To make full use of your test results and to be able to fully explore and understand them, k6 can output the raw metrics to an external repository of your choice.

The simplest output option, meant primarily for debugging, is to send the JSON-encoded metrics to a file or to stdout. Other output options are sending the metrics to an InfluxDB instance, an Apache Kafka queue, or even to the k6 cloud. This allows you to run your load tests locally or behind a company firewall, early in the development process or as part of a CI suite, while at the same time being able to store their results in the k6 cloud, where you can compare and analyze them. You can find more information about the available outputs here and about k6 Cloud Results here and here.

Modules and JavaScript compatibility

k6 comes with several built-in modules for things like making (and measuring) HTTP requests and websocket connections, parsing HTML, reading files, calculating hashes, setting up checks and thresholds, tracking custom metrics, and others.

You can, of course, also write your own ES6 modules and import them in your scripts, potentially reusing code across an organization. The situation with importing JavaScript libraries is a bit more complicated. You can potentially use some JS libraries in k6, even ones intended for Node.js if you use browserify, though if they depend on network/OS-related APIs, they likely won't work. You can find more details and instructions about writing or importing JS modules here.

Support

To get help about usage, report bugs, suggest features and discuss k6 with other users see SUPPORT.md.

Contributing

If you want to contribute or help with the development of k6, start by reading CONTRIBUTING.md. Before you start coding, especially when it comes to big changes and features, it might be a good idea to first discuss your plans and implementation details with the k6 maintainers. You can do this either in the github issue for the problem you're solving (create one if it doesn't exist) or in the #developers channel on Slack.