geneticalgorithm is a Python library distributed on Pypi for implementing standard and elitist genetic-algorithm (GA). This package solves continuous, combinatorial and mixed optimization problems with continuous, discrete, and mixed variables. It provides an easy implementation of genetic-algorithm (GA) in Python.
Use the package manager pip to install geneticalgorithm in Python.
pip install geneticalgorithmAssume we want to find a set of X=(x1,x2,x3) that minimizes function f(X)=x1+x2+x3 where X can be any real number in [0,10].
This is a trivial problem and we already know that the answer is X=(0,0,0) where f(X)=0.
We just use this simple example to see how to implement geneticalgorithm:
First we import geneticalgorithm and numpy. Next, we define function f which we want to minimize and the boundaries of the decision variables; Then simply geneticalgorithm is called to solve the defined optimization problem as follows:
import numpy as np
from geneticalgorithm import geneticalgorithm as ga
def f(X):
return np.sum(X)
varbound=np.array([[0,10]]*3)
model=ga(function=f,dimension=3,variable_type='real',variable_boundaries=varbound)
model.run()Notice that we define the function f so that its output is the objective function we want to minimize where the input is the set of X (decision variables). The boundaries for variables must be defined as a numpy array and for each variable we need a separate boundary. Here I have three variables and all of them have the same boundaries (For the case the boundaries are different see the example with mixed variables).
geneticalgorithm has some arguments:
Obviously the first argument is the function f we already defined (for more details about the argument and output see Function).
Our problem has three variables so we set dimension equal three.
Variables are real (continuous) so we use string 'real' to notify the type of
variables (geneticalgorithm accepts other types including Boolean, Integers and
Mixed; see other examples).
Finally, we input varbound which includes the boundaries of the variables.
Note that the length of variable_boundaries must be equal to dimension.
If you run the code, you should see a progress bar that shows the progress of the genetic algorithm (GA) and then the solution, objective function value and the convergence curve as follows:
Also we can access to the best answer of the defined optimization problem found by geneticalgorithm as a dictionary and a report of the progress of the genetic algorithm. To do so we complete the code as follows:
convergence=model.report
solution=model.ouput_dictoutput_dict is a dictionary including the best set of variables found and the value of the given function associated to it ({'variable': , 'function': }). report is a list including the convergence of the algorithm over iterations
Considering the problem given in the simple example above. Now assume all variables are integers. So x1, x2, x3 can be any integers in [0,10]. In this case the code is as the following:
import numpy as np
from geneticalgorithm import geneticalgorithm as ga
def f(X):
return np.sum(X)
varbound=np.array([[0,10]]*3)
model=ga(function=f,dimension=3,variable_type='int',variable_boundaries=varbound)
model.run()
So, as it is seen the only difference is that for variable_type we use string 'int'.
Considering the problem given in the simple example above. Now assume all variables are Boolean instead of real or integer. So X can be either zero or one. Also instead of three let's have 30 variables. In this case the code is as the following:
import numpy as np
from geneticalgorithm import geneticalgorithm as ga
def f(X):
return np.sum(X)
model=ga(function=f,dimension=30,variable_type='bool')
model.run()
Note for variable_type we use string 'bool' when all variables are Boolean.
Note that when variable_type equal 'bool' there is no need for variable_boundaries to be defined.
Considering the problem given in the the simple example above where we want to minimize f(X)=x1+x2+x3. Now assume x1 is a real (continuous) variable in [0.5,1.5], x2 is an integer variable in [1,100], and x3 is a Boolean variable that can be either zero or one. We already know that the answer is X=(0.5,1,0) where f(X)=1.5 We implement geneticalgorithm as the following:
import numpy as np
from geneticalgorithm import geneticalgorithm as ga
def f(X):
return np.sum(X)
varbound=np.array([[0.5,1.5],[1,100],[0,1]])
vartype=np.array([['real'],['int'],['int']])
model=ga(function=f,dimension=3,variable_type_mixed=vartype,variable_boundaries=varbound)
model.run()Note that for mixed variables we need to define boundaries also we need to make a numpy array of variable types as above (vartype). Obviously the order of variables in both arrays must match. Also notice that in such a case for Boolean variables we use string 'int' and boundary [0,1].
Notice that we use argument variable_type_mixed to input a numpy array of variable types for functions with mixed variables.
geneticalgorithm is designed to minimize the given function. A simple trick to solve maximization problems is to multiply the objective function by a negative sign. Then the absolute value of the output is the maximum of the function. Consider the above simple example. Now lets find the maximum of f(X)=x1+x2+x3 where X is a set of real variables in [0,10]. We already know that the answer is X=(10,10,10) where f(X)=30.
import numpy as np
from geneticalgorithm import geneticalgorithm as ga
def f(X):
return -np.sum(X)
varbound=np.array([[0,10]]*3)
model=ga(function=f,dimension=3,variable_type='real',variable_boundaries=varbound)
model.run()As seen above np.sum(X) is mulitplied by a negative sign.
In all above examples, the optimization problem was unconstrained. Now consider that we want to minimize f(X)=x1+x2+x3 where X is a set of real variables in [0,10]. Also we have an extra constraint so that sum of x1 and x2 is equal or greater than 2. The minimum of f(X) is 2. In such a case, a trick is to define penalty function. Hence we use the code below:
import numpy as np
from geneticalgorithm import geneticalgorithm as ga
def f(X):
pen=0
if X[0]+X[1]<2:
pen=500+1000*(2-X[0]-X[1])
return np.sum(X)+pen
varbound=np.array([[0,10]]*3)
model=ga(function=f,dimension=3,variable_type='real',variable_boundaries=varbound)
model.run()As seen above we add a penalty to the objective function whenever the constraint is not met.
Some hints about how to define a penalty function:
1- Usually you may use a constant greater than the maximum possible value of
the objective function if the maximum is known or if we have a guess of that. Here the highest possible value of our function is 300
(i.e. if all variables were 10, f(X)=300). So I chose a constant of 500. So, if a trial solution is not in the feasible region even though its objective function may be small, the penalized objective function (fitness function) is worse than any feasible solution.
2- Use a coefficient big enough and multiply that by the amount of violation.
This helps the algorithm learn how to approach feasible domain.
3- How to define penalty function usually influences the convergence rate of
an evolutionary algorithm.
In my book on metaheuristics and evolutionary algorithms you can learn more about that.
4- Finally after you solved the problem test the solution to see if boundaries are met. If the solution does not meet
constraints, it shows that a bigger penalty is required. However, in problems where
optimum is exactly on the boundary of the feasible region (or very close to the constraints) which is common in some kinds of problems, a very strict and big penalty may prevent the genetic algorithm
to approach the optimal region. In such a case designing an appropriate penalty
function might be more challenging. Actually what we have to do is to design
a penalty function that let the algorithm searches unfeasible domain while finally
converge to a feasible solution. Hence you may need more sophisticated penalty
functions. But in most cases the above formulation work fairly well.
Every evolutionary algorithm (metaheuristic) has some parameters to be adjusted. Genetic algorithm also has some parameters. The parameters of geneticalgorithm is defined as a dictionary:
algorithm_param = {'max_num_iteration': None,\
'population_size':100,\
'mutation_probability':0.1,\
'elit_ratio': 0.01,\
'crossover_probability': 0.5,\
'parents_portion': 0.3,\
'crossover_type':'uniform',\
'max_iteration_without_improv':None}The above dictionary refers to the default values that has been set already. One may simply copy this code from here and change the values and use the modified dictionary as the argument of geneticalgorithm. Another way of accessing this dictionary is using the command below:
import numpy as np
from geneticalgorithm import geneticalgorithm as ga
def f(X):
return np.sum(X)
model=ga(function=f,dimension=3,variable_type='bool')
print(model.param)An example of setting a new set of parameters for genetic algorithm and running geneticalgorithm for our first simple example again:
import numpy as np
from geneticalgorithm import geneticalgorithm as ga
def f(X):
return np.sum(X)
varbound=np.array([[0,10]]*3)
algorithm_param = {'max_num_iteration': 3000,\
'population_size':100,\
'mutation_probability':0.1,\
'elit_ratio': 0.01,\
'crossover_probability': 0.5,\
'parents_portion': 0.3,\
'crossover_type':'uniform',\
'max_iteration_without_improv':None}
model=ga(function=f,\
dimension=3,\
variable_type='real',\
variable_boundaries=varbound,\
algorithm_parameters=algorithm_param)
model.run()
Notice that max_num_iteration has been changed to 3000 (it was already None).
In the above gif we saw that the algorithm run for 1500 iterations.
Since we did not define parameters geneticalgorithm applied the default values.
However if you run this code geneticalgroithm executes 3000 iterations this time.
To change other parameters one may simply replace the values according to
Arguments.
@ max_num_iteration: The termination criterion of geneticalgorithm. If this parameter's value is None the algorithm sets maximum number of iterations automatically as a function of the dimension, boundaries, and population size. The user may enter any number of iterations that they want. It is highly recommended that the user themselves determines the max_num_iterations and not to use None.
@ population_size: determines the number of trial solutions in each iteration. The default value is 100.
@ mutation_probability: determines the chance of each gene in each individual solution to be replaced by a random value. The default is 0.1 (i.e. 10 percent).
@ elit_ration: determines the number of elites in the population. The default value is 0.01 (i.e. 1 percent). For example when population size is 100 and elit_ratio is 0.01 then there is one elite in the population. If this parameter is set to be zero then geneticalgorithm implements a standard genetic algorithm instead of elitist GA.
@ crossover_probability: determines the chance of an existed solution to pass its genome (aka characteristics) to new trial solutions (aka offspring); the default value is 0.5 (i.e. 50 percent)
@ parents_portion: the portion of population filled by the members of the previous generation (aka parents); default is 0.3 (i.e. 30 percent of population)
@ crossover_type: there are three options including one_point; two_point, and uniform crossover functions; default is uniform crossover
@ max_iteration_without_improv: if the algorithms does not improve the objective function over the number of successive iterations determined by this parameter, then geneticalgorithm stops and report the best found solution before the max_num_iterations to be met. The default value is None.
The given function to be optimized must only accept one argument and return a scalar. The argument of the given function is a numpy array which is entered by geneticalgorithm. For any reason if you do not want to work with numpy in your function you may turn the numpy array to a list.
@param function - the given objective function to be minimized
NOTE: This implementation minimizes the given objective function. (For maximization
multiply function by a negative sign: the absolute value of the output would be
the actual objective function)
@param dimension - the number of decision variables
@param variable_type - 'bool' if all variables are Boolean; 'int' if all variables are integer; and 'real' if all variables are real value or continuous (for mixed type see @param variable_type_mixed).
@param variable_boundaries <numpy array/None> - Default None; leave it None if variable_type is 'bool'; otherwise provide an array of tuples of length two as boundaries for each variable; the length of the array must be equal dimension. For example, np.array([0,100],[0,200]) determines lower boundary 0 and upper boundary 100 for first and upper boundary 200 for second variable where dimension is 2.
@param variable_type_mixed <numpy array/None> - Default None; leave it None if all variables have the same type; otherwise this can be used to specify the type of each variable separately. For example if the first variable is integer but the second one is real the input is: np.array(['int'],['real']). NOTE: it does not accept 'bool'. If variable type is Boolean use 'int' and provide a boundary as [0,1] in variable_boundaries. Also if variable_type_mixed is applied, variable_boundaries has to be defined.
@param function_timeout - if the given function does not provide output before function_timeout (unit is seconds) the algorithm raise error. For example, when there is an infinite loop in the given function.
@param algorithm_parameters:
@ max_num_iteration <int/None> - stoping criteria of the genetic algorithm (GA)
@ population_size
@ mutation_probability <float in [0,1]>
@ elit_ration <float in [0,1]>
@ crossover_probability <float in [0,1]>
@ parents_portion <float in [0,1]>
@ crossover_type - Default is 'uniform'; 'one_point' or 'two_point'
are other options
@ max_iteration_without_improv <int/None> - maximum number of
successive iterations without improvement. If None it is ineffective
methods:
run(): implements the genetic algorithm (GA)
param: a dictionary of parameters of the genetic algorithm (GA)
output:
output_dict: is a dictionary including the best set of variables found and the value of the given function associated to it. {'variable': , 'function': }
report: is a record of the progress of the algorithm over iterations
geneticalgorithm is designed such that if the given function does not provide any output before timeout (the default value is 10 seconds), the algorithm would be terminated and raise the appropriate error. In such a case make sure the given function works correctly (i.e. there is no infinite loop in the given function). Also if the given function takes more than 10 seconds to complete the work make sure to increase function_timeout in arguments.
The convergence curve of an elitist genetic algorithm is always non-increasing. So, the best ever found solution is equal to the best solution of the last iteration. However, the convergence curve of a standard genetic algorithm is different. If elit_ratio is zero geneticalgroithm implements a standard GA. The output of geneticalgorithm for standard GA is the best ever found solution not the solution of the last iteration. The difference between the convergence curve of standard GA and elitist GA is shown below:
In general the performance of a genetic algorithm or any evolutionary algorithm depends on its parameters. Parameter setting of an evolutionary algorithm is important. Usually these parameters are adjusted based on experience and by conducting a sensitivity analysis. It is impossible to provide a general guideline to parameter setting but the suggestions provided below may help:
Number of iterations: Select a max_num_iterations sufficienlty large; otherwise the reported solution may not be satisfactory. On the other hand selecting a very large number of iterations increases the run time significantly. So this is actually a compromise between the accuracy you want and the time and computational cost you spend.
Population size: Given a constant number of functional evaluations (max_num_iterations times population_size) I would select smaller population size and greater iterations. However, a very small choice of population size is also deteriorative. For most problems I would select a population size of 100 unless the dimension of the problem is very large that needs a bigger population size.
elit_ratio: Although having few elites is usually a good idea and may increase the rate of convergence in some problems, having too many elites in the population may cause the algorithm to easily trap in a local optima. I would usually select only one elite in most cases. Elitism is not always necessary and in some problems may even be deteriorative.
mutation_probability: This is a parameter you may need to adjust more than the other ones. Its appropriate value heavily depends on the problem. Sometimes we may select mutation_probability as small as 0.01 (i.e. 1 percent) and sometimes even as large as 0.5 (i.e. 50 percent) or even larger. In general if the genetic algorithm trapped in a local optimum increasing the mutation probability may help. On the other hand if the algorithm suffers from stagnation reducing the mutation probability may be effective. However, this rule of thumb is not always true.
parents_portion: If parents_portion set zero, it means that the whole of the population is filled with the newly generated solutions. On the other hand having this parameter equals 1 (i.e. 100 percent) means no new solution is generated and the algorithm would just repeat the previous values without any change which is not meaningful and effective obviously. Anything between these two may work. The exact value depends on the problem.
crossover_type: Depends on the problem. I would usually use uniform crossover. But testing the other ones in your problem is recommended.
max_iteration_without_improv: This is a parameter that I recommend being used cautiously. If this parameter is too small then the algorithm may stop while it trapped in a local optimum. So make sure you select a sufficiently large criteria to provide enough time for the algorithm to progress and to avoid immature convergence.
Finally to make sure that the parameter setting is fine, we usually should run the algorithm for several times and if connvergence curves of all runs converged to the same objective function value we may accept that solution as the optimum. The number of runs depends but usually five or ten runs is prevalent. Notice that in some problems several possible set of variables produces the same objective function value. When we study the convergence of a genetic algorithm we compare the objective function values not the decision variables.
Implementation of geneticalgorithm for some benchmark problems:
import numpy as np
import math
from geneticalgorithm import geneticalgorithm as ga
def f(X):
dim=len(X)
OF=0
for i in range (0,dim):
OF+=(X[i]**2)-10*math.cos(2*math.pi*X[i])+10
return OF
varbound=np.array([[-5.12,5.12]]*2)
model=ga(function=f,dimension=2,variable_type='real',variable_boundaries=varbound)
model.run()
import numpy as np
import math
from geneticalgorithm import geneticalgorithm as ga
def f(X):
dim=len(X)
t1=0
t2=0
for i in range (0,dim):
t1+=X[i]**2
t2+=math.cos(2*math.pi*X[i])
OF=20+math.e-20*math.exp((t1/dim)*-0.2)-math.exp(t2/dim)
return OF
varbound=np.array([[-32.768,32.768]]*2)
model=ga(function=f,dimension=2,variable_type='real',variable_boundaries=varbound)
model.run()
import numpy as np
import math
from geneticalgorithm import geneticalgorithm as ga
def f(X):
dim=len(X)
a=0.5
b=3
OF=0
for i in range (0,dim):
t1=0
for k in range (0,21):
t1+=(a**k)*math.cos((2*math.pi*(b**k))*(X[i]+0.5))
OF+=t1
t2=0
for k in range (0,21):
t2+=(a**k)*math.cos(math.pi*(b**k))
OF-=dim*t2
return OF
varbound=np.array([[-0.5,0.5]]*2)
algorithm_param = {'max_num_iteration': 1000,\
'population_size':100,\
'mutation_probability':0.1,\
'elit_ratio': 0.01,\
'crossover_probability': 0.5,\
'parents_portion': 0.3,\
'crossover_type':'uniform',\
'max_iteration_without_improv':None}
model=ga(function=f,dimension=2,\
variable_type='real',\
variable_boundaries=varbound,
algorithm_parameters=algorithm_param)
model.run()
Copyright 2020 Ryan (Mohammad) Solgi
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