Python wheels are great. Building them across Mac, Linux, Windows, on multiple versions of Python, is not.
cibuildwheel
is here to help. cibuildwheel
runs on your CI server - currently it supports GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, and GitLab CI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.
macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux musllinux x86_64 |
manylinux musllinux i686 |
manylinux musllinux aarch64 |
manylinux musllinux ppc64le |
manylinux musllinux s390x |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CPython 3.6 | โ | N/A | โ | โ | N/A | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
CPython 3.7 | โ | N/A | โ | โ | N/A | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
CPython 3.8 | โ | โ | โ | โ | N/A | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
CPython 3.9 | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ ยฒ | โ ยณ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
CPython 3.10 | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ ยฒ | โ | โ | โ | โ | โ |
PyPy 3.7 v7.3 | โ | N/A | โ | N/A | N/A | โ ยน | โ ยน | โ ยน | N/A | N/A |
PyPy 3.8 v7.3 | โ | N/A | โ | N/A | N/A | โ ยน | โ ยน | โ ยน | N/A | N/A |
PyPy 3.9 v7.3 | โ | N/A | โ | N/A | N/A | โ ยน | โ ยน | โ ยน | N/A | N/A |
ยน PyPy is only supported for manylinux wheels.
ยฒ Windows arm64 support is experimental.
ยณ Alpine 3.14 and very briefly 3.15's default python3 was not able to load musllinux wheels. This has been fixed; please upgrade the python package if using Alpine from before the fix.
- Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS 10.9+, and Windows wheels for CPython and PyPy
- Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, AppVeyor, CircleCI, and GitLab CI
- Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux and macOS through auditwheel and delocate
- Runs your library's tests against the wheel-installed version of your library
See the cibuildwheel 1 documentation if you need to build unsupported versions of Python, such as Python 2.
cibuildwheel
runs inside a CI service. Supported platforms depend on which service you're using:
Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | |
---|---|---|---|---|
GitHub Actions | โ | โ | โ | โ ยน |
Azure Pipelines | โ | โ | โ | |
Travis CI | โ | โ | โ | |
AppVeyor | โ | โ | โ | |
CircleCI | โ | โ | ||
Gitlab CI | โ |
ยน Requires emulation, distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.
To build manylinux, musllinux, macOS, and Windows wheels on GitHub Actions, you could use this .github/workflows/wheels.yml
:
name: Build
on: [push, pull_request]
jobs:
build_wheels:
name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
strategy:
matrix:
os: [ubuntu-20.04, windows-2019, macOS-10.15]
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
# Used to host cibuildwheel
- uses: actions/setup-python@v2
- name: Install cibuildwheel
run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.5.0
- name: Build wheels
run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
# to supply options, put them in 'env', like:
# env:
# CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
- uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
with:
path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
For more information, including PyPI deployment, and the use of other CI services or the dedicated GitHub Action, check out the documentation and the examples.
Option | Description | |
---|---|---|
Build selection | CIBW_PLATFORM |
Override the auto-detected target platform |
CIBW_BUILD CIBW_SKIP |
Choose the Python versions to build | |
CIBW_ARCHS |
Change the architectures built on your machine by default. | |
CIBW_PROJECT_REQUIRES_PYTHON |
Manually set the Python compatibility of your project | |
CIBW_PRERELEASE_PYTHONS |
Enable building with pre-release versions of Python if available | |
Build customization | CIBW_BUILD_FRONTEND |
Set the tool to use to build, either "pip" (default for now) or "build" |
CIBW_ENVIRONMENT |
Set environment variables needed during the build | |
CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX |
Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container during the build. | |
CIBW_BEFORE_ALL |
Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. | |
CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD |
Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build | |
CIBW_REPAIR_WHEEL_COMMAND |
Execute a shell command to repair each (non-pure Python) built wheel | |
CIBW_MANYLINUX_*_IMAGE CIBW_MUSLLINUX_*_IMAGE |
Specify alternative manylinux / musllinux Docker images | |
CIBW_DEPENDENCY_VERSIONS |
Specify how cibuildwheel controls the versions of the tools it uses | |
Testing | CIBW_TEST_COMMAND |
Execute a shell command to test each built wheel |
CIBW_BEFORE_TEST |
Execute a shell command before testing each wheel | |
CIBW_TEST_REQUIRES |
Install Python dependencies before running the tests | |
CIBW_TEST_EXTRAS |
Install your wheel for testing using extras_require | |
CIBW_TEST_SKIP |
Skip running tests on some builds | |
Other | CIBW_BUILD_VERBOSITY |
Increase/decrease the output of pip wheel |
These options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, as well; see configuration.
Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
Name | CI | OS | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
scikit-learn | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions. | ||
Tornado | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library, originally developed at FriendFeed. | ||
NumPy | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. | ||
pytorch-fairseq | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. | ||
Matplotlib | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions | ||
Kivy | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS | ||
NCNN | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform | ||
Prophet | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. | ||
MyPy | The compiled version of MyPy using MyPyC. | ||
pydantic | Data parsing and validation using Python type hints |
โน๏ธ That's just a handful, there are many more! Check out the Working Examples page in the docs.
Since cibuildwheel
repairs the wheel with delocate
or auditwheel
, it might automatically bundle dynamically linked libraries from the build machine.
It helps ensure that the library can run without any dependencies outside of the pip toolchain.
This is similar to static linking, so it might have some license implications. Check the license for any code you're pulling in to make sure that's allowed.
29 April 2022
- โจ Added support for building ABI3 wheels. cibuildwheel will now recognise when an ABI3 wheel was produced, and skip subsequent build steps where the previously built wheel is compatible. Tests still will run on all selected versions of Python, using the ABI3 wheel. Check this entry in the docs for more info. (#1091)
- โจ You can now build wheels directly from sdist archives, in addition to source directories. Just call cibuildwheel with an sdist argument on the command line, like
cibuildwheel mypackage-1.0.0.tar.gz
. For more details, check the--help
output (#1096) - ๐ Fix a bug where cibuildwheel would crash when no builds are selected and
--allow-empty
is passed (#1086) - ๐ Workaround a permissions issue on Linux relating to newer versions of git and setuptools_scm (#1095)
- ๐ Minor docs improvements
2 April 2022
- โจ cibuildwheel now supports running locally on Windows and macOS (as well as Linux). On macOS, you'll have to install the versions of Pythons that you want to use from Python.org, and cibuildwheel will use them. On Windows, cibuildwheel will install it's own versions of Python. Check out the documentation for instructions. (#974)
- โจ Added support for building PyPy 3.9 wheels. (#1031)
- โจ Listing at the end of the build now displays the size of each wheel (#975)
- ๐ Workaround a connection timeout bug on Travis CI ppc64le runners (#906)
- ๐ Fix an encoding error when reading setup.py in the wrong encoding (#977)
- ๐ Setuptools updated to 61.3.0, including experimental support for reading config from pyproject.toml(PEP 621). This could change the behaviour of your build if you have a pyproject.toml with a
[project]
table, because that takes precedence over setup.py and setup.cfg. Check out the setuptools docs and the project metadata specification for more info. - ๐ Many other dependency updates.
- ๐ Minor docs improvements
14 December 2021
- ๐ Setting pip options like
PIP_USE_DEPRECATED
inCIBW_ENVIRONMENT
no longer adversely affects cibuildwheel's ability to set up a Python environment (#956) - ๐ Docs fixes and improvements
26 November 2021
- ๐ cibuildwheel now defaults to manylinux2014 image for linux builds, rather than manylinux2010. If you want to stick with manylinux2010, it's simple to set this using the image options. (#926)
- โจ You can now pass environment variables from the host machine into the Docker container during a Linux build. Check out the docs for
CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_PASS_LINUX
for the details. (#914) - โจ Added support for building PyPy 3.8 wheels. (#881)
- โจ Added support for building Windows arm64 CPython wheels on a Windows arm64 runner. We can't test this in CI yet, so for now, this is experimental. (#920)
- ๐ Improved the deployment documentation (#911)
- ๐ Changed the escaping behaviour inside cibuildwheel's option placeholders e.g.
{project}
inbefore_build
or{dest_dir}
inrepair_wheel_command
. This allows bash syntax like${SOME_VAR}
to passthrough without being interpreted as a placeholder by cibuildwheel. See this section in the docs for more info. (#889) - ๐ Pip updated to 21.3, meaning it now defaults to in-tree builds again. If this causes an issue with your project, setting environment variable
PIP_USE_DEPRECATED=out-of-tree-build
is available as a temporary flag to restore the old behaviour. However, be aware that this flag will probably be removed soon. (#881) - ๐ You can now access the current Python interpreter using
python3
within a build on Windows (#917)
26 October 2021
- ๐ Fix bug in the GitHub Action step causing a syntax error (#895)
That's the last few versions.
โน๏ธ Want more changelog? Head over to the changelog page in the docs.
For more info on how to contribute to cibuildwheel, see the docs.
Everyone interacting with the cibuildwheel project via codebase, issue tracker, chat rooms, or otherwise is expected to follow the PSF Code of Conduct.
- Joe Rickerby @joerick
- Yannick Jadoul @YannickJadoul
- Matthieu Darbois @mayeut
- Henry Schreiner @henryiii
cibuildwheel
stands on the shoulders of giants.
- โญ๏ธ @matthew-brett for multibuild and matthew-brett/delocate
- @PyPA for the manylinux Docker images pypa/manylinux
- @ogrisel for wheelhouse-uploader and
run_with_env.cmd
Massive props also to-
- @zfrenchee for help debugging many issues
- @lelit for some great bug reports and contributions
- @mayeut for a phenomenal PR patching Python itself for better compatibility!
- @czaki for being a super-contributor over many PRs and helping out with countless issues!
- @mattip for his help with adding PyPy support to cibuildwheel
Another very similar tool to consider is matthew-brett/multibuild. multibuild
is a shell script toolbox for building a wheel on various platforms. It is used as a basis to build some of the big data science tools, like SciPy.
If you are building Rust wheels, you can get by without some of the tricks required to make GLIBC work via manylinux; this is especially relevant for cross-compiling, which is easy with Rust. See maturin-action for a tool that is optimized for building Rust wheels and cross-compiling.