JavaScript Reference Types

Exercising the JavaScript Reference Types.

Prerequisites

ga-wdi-boston/js-basics

Objectives

By the end of this lesson, developers should be able to:

Identify array, object, and function literals
Create and invoke functions with argument-dependent return values
Store, access, and update data values in objects and arrays
Iterate through an array or object and operate on its elements

Preparation

Fork and clone this repository.
Install dependencies with npm install.

Reference Types

The following is true for all reference types In JavaScript: refVar instanceof Object === true.

These three reference type are ubiquitous in JavaScript.

Plain Object
Array
Function

The first two are used as collections. The last is encapsulated executable code. All three can be created using reference type literals.

The following shows the simplest examples of these types created with literal syntax:

let list;
let dictionary;
let code;

list = [];
dictionary = {};
code = function (){}; // or `code = () => {};`

And here is the equivalent using constructor function syntax (a topic we'll cover later):

list = new Array();
dictionary = new Object();
code = new Function();

The literal syntax is more common and allows for functionality unavailable with the constructor function syntax.

You can think of each reference type as storing values. You access the values stored in a function reference using invocation syntax, code(). You access the values stored in an array using index syntax, list[0]. And finally, you use member access to get the values from a plain object, dictionary.name or dictionary['name'].

A key difference between a reference and primitive type is best demonstrated with the following code:

let primitive;
let otherPrimitive;
let reference;
let otherReference;

primitive = 2;
otherPrimitive = primitive;
primitive = 7;

primitive;
otherPrimitive;

reference = {};
otherReference = reference;

reference.property = 'value';

reference;

otherReference;

Functions

In mathematics, a function maps one or more inputs to a single output.

JavaScript isn't that strict, allowing zero inputs or no specified output.

let five = function five() {
  return 5;
};

let add = function add(a, b){
  a + b;
}

Strictly speaking, all JavaScript functions evaluate to a value, but that value is undefined if we do not provide a return (explicitly or implicitly).

What can we do with functions?

Functions provide important parts of the building blocks of programs, abstraction and encapsulation.

It is important to remember that console.log prints its argument to the console (the terminal using node, the console area of the debug tools using chrome) but does not return a value.

Parameters and Arguments

When you create a function, you specify the parameters (the formal parameters, variables local to the function). When you call a function, you specify the arguments (whose values become the actual parameters, which are the values that the formal parameters are set to when your function executes).

In JavaScript, functions can be defined as taking zero or more arguments.

let zero = function zero() {
  return 0;
};

let one = function one(param){
  return arg;
}

let three = function three(param1, param2, param3){
  return arg2;
}

Arguments and Return Values

let addOne = (num) => num + 1;

What happens when we call a function with the wrong number of arguments?

How would you create a function with an optional argument?

Collections

There are two general collection types. The list and the dictionary (aka hashmap, map, hash, ...).

Lists store lists of things.
Dictionaries store uniquely named values.

In JavaScript we use Array and Object respectively to implement these collection types.

What's in a name? Why call an array a list? Why not call a dictionary an associative array?

List (Array)

let fibonacci = [0, 1];
for (let i = 2; i < 10; i++) {
  fibonacci[i] = fibonacci[i-1] + fibonacci[i-2];
}

Dictionary (Object)

let seniorConsultant = {
  'given name':'Antony',
  surname:'Donovan',
  occupation: 'Senior Consultant',
};
let consultant = {};

Code-Along: Analyze Text

We'll be using the file lib/collections.js as a starting point to:

create a list of normalized words from a paragraph of text.
count words in a string.
get the unique words from a string.
count the unique words.
find the word frequencies (how many times does each unique word appear in the string).

We won't get to methods in detail until later, but there are three on String we'll need to create a list of normalized words: split, which breaks a String into an Array; replace, which makes substitutions; and toUpperCase, which does the obvious.

We'll also need two Regular expressions:

One or more whitespace characters: /\s+/

One or more non-word characters: /\W+/

grunt test

Lab

We'll use lib/lab.js to build functions to wrap some of the collection processing we've done before. This practice is meant to be challenging.

gaand/js-reference-types