This project provides a modem firmware for microcontroller boards with a RF95 compatible radio module and a serial interface such as the adafruit feather m0 lora device or the heltec oled lora 32 modules. On various ESP32 based boards optional features such as OLED status display, GPS, BLE or WiFi support can be enabled.
The current default config is for device with 868.1 MHz.
This can be changed in src/modem.h with the following line: #define RF95_FREQ 868.1
The following boards are supported:
- Heltec WiFi LoRa 32
- Heltec/LILYGO TTGO T-Beam Devices (v0.7, v1.0)
- TTGO T-FOX (LORA v1.2)
- Adafruit Feather M0
- Adafruit Feather 32u4
The recommended way for building and installing the radio firmware is to have a working installation of platformio (http://platformio.org/) on your system.
IMPORTANT Edit platformio.ini to add your target platform and configure the radio pins in the build flags!
Install on your device using pio run -t upload -e heltec_wifi_lora_32_ble
Optionally activate display support: pio run -t upload -e heltec_wifi_lora_32_display_ble
Currently anyone can connect to the BLE service, it is all plaintext. One characteristic is published for sending commands and one is there to make output available via notifications.
All commands sent via BLE must be terminated with an \n. Default mode of operation is splitting everything into 20 byte chunks, which - according to the BLE specs - is the maximum packet size. On iPhone 8 & 11 we were also able to send and receive much larger BLE packets (>100bytes). Therefore, one can activate Big Funky BLE-Frames mode via AT+BFB=1. The command is recognized even without trailing \n and also makes \n optional. This is especially useful as some BLE debugging software such as LightBlue Explorer does not send carriage returns or line feeds at the end of a write operation.
If one of the WiFi profiles is installed on a compatible ESP MCU the device can act as an access point.
The credentials are configured in platformio.ini and are by default set to: WIFI_SSID=\"rf95modem\" and WIFI_PSK=\"rf95modemwifi\"
This access point accepts up to 4 clients according to espressif sdk and by default has the IP 192.168.4.1.
There are two ways to communicate with the modem:
The rf95modem responds to UDP broadcast packets to port 1666.
To receive output a simple udp listener is provided (extras/udp_receiver.py).
For sending commands to the modem netcat is sufficient, e.g. echo "at+tx=414141" | ncat -u 192.168.4.255 1666
Just connect to 192.168.4.1 on port 1666 using TCP and use it like a serial connection, e.g. ncat 192.168.4.1 1666.
Only one connection at a time is supported!
Some devices such as TTGOs t-beam also include a GPS chip.
This can also be queried through the modem firmware through the AT+GPS command.
Getting an initial lock for your position can take several minutes depending on your atenna, position and the GPS chip on the device.
As this also increases energy consumption significantly (~50mA) one can temporarily disable it via AT+GPS=0.
The default serial speed is set to 115200 (src/main.cpp line 17).
List of commands:
AT+HELP Print this usage information.
AT+TX=<hexdata> Send binary data.
AT+RX=<0|1> Turn receiving on (1) or off (2).
AT+BFB=<0|1> Turn send Big Fine BLE-Frames on (1) or off (0).
AT+GPS Print GPS information.
AT+GPS=<0|1> Turn GPS power on (1) or off (0).
AT+FREQ=<freq> Changes the frequency.
AT+INFO Output status information.
AT+MODE=<NUM> Set modem config:
0 - medium range (default)
Bw = 125 kHz, Cr = 4/5, Sf = 128chips/symbol, CRC on.
1 - fast+short range
Bw = 500 kHz, Cr = 4/5, Sf = 128chips/symbol, CRC on.
2 - slow+long range
Bw = 31.25 kHz, Cr = 4/8, Sf = 512chips/symbol, CRC on.
3 - slow+long range
Bw = 125 kHz, Cr = 4/8, Sf = 4096chips/symbol, CRC on.
4 - slow+long range
Bw = 125 kHz, Cr = 4/5, Sf = 2048chips/symbol, CRC on.
To get the current configuration one can use AT+INFO
> AT+INFO
+STATUS:
firmware: 0.7.3
features: MCU BLE WIFI GPS
modem config: 0 | medium range
max pkt size: 251
frequency: 868.10
rx listener: 1
BFB: 0
GPS: 1
rx bad: 0
rx good: 0
tx good: 0
+OK
From this output you can see which features where compiled into the firmware and what its version is. Also the current modem configuration and the frequency selected are displayed.
To change frequencies on can use the AT+FREQ command.
> AT+FREQ=868.20
+FREQ: 868.20
Beware: Any float number can be added here, the value is directly passed to the LoRa transceiver!
Changing the preconfigured modem mode is just as easy:
> AT+MODE=2
+OK
AT+TX=414141 sends a packet with AAA as content. Maximum packet size may vary depending on radio chip.
AT+RX=1 activate receive listener, default is on.
Incoming data is automatically written to serial port: +RX 3,414141,-15,8 - A frame with "AAA" as payload was received with RSSI of -15 and SNR of 8.
If GPS is activated (AT+GPS=1) and the firmware is running on a GPS-capable device such as the TTGO t-beam, one can easily query the current location and time.
Without a propoer GPS lock all values returned are set to zero.
> at+gps=1
+OK
> at+gps
Latitude : 0.00000
Longitude : 0.00000
Altitude : 0.00M
Satellites: 0
Time : 00:00:00
Date : 00.00.2000
Timestamp : 943920000
+OK
There are a few third party programming libraries out there to ease the integration of rf95modem.
- Go: https://github.com/dtn7/rf95modem-go
- Python: https://github.com/oxzi/rf95modem-py
- Rust: https://github.com/gh0st42/rf95modem-rs
If you use this code in academic publications, please cite the following paper:
@INPROCEEDINGS{baumgaertner2018monitoring,
author={L. {Baumgärtner} and A. {Penning} and P. {Lampe} and B. {Richerzhagen} and R. {Steinmetz} and B. {Freisleben}},
booktitle={2018 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)},
title={Environmental Monitoring Using Low-Cost Hardware and Infrastructureless Wireless Communication},
year={2018},
pages={1-8},
doi={10.1109/GHTC.2018.8601883},
month={Oct},
}